NAPAC2022 - List of Keywords (diagnostics)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPA09	Design of a 4D Emittance Diagnostic for Low-Energy Ion Beams	emittance, quadrupole, simulation, linac	67
	T.R. Curtin, M.S. Curtin Ion Linac Systems, Inc., Albuquerque, USA
	Characterization of ion beams from an ion injector consisting of an electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) source in combination with a low-energy-beam-transport (LEBT) typically exhibits a complex four-dimensional transverse phase-space distribution. The importance of measuring the ion beam correlations following extraction and transport of the low-energy beam is critical to enabling optimization of beam transmission through downstream accelerating structures. A design for a transverse, four-dimensional emittance meter for low-energy protons from the Ion Linac Systems (ILS) ECR-LEBT ion injector is provided.
	Poster MOPA09 [0.479 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA09
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 December 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 December 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPA41	Diagnostics for LINAC Optimization with Machine Learning	linac, DTL, network, controls	139
	R.V. Sharankova, M.W. Mwaniki, K. Seiya, M.E. Wesley Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The Fermilab Linac delivers 400 MeV H⁻ beam to the rest of the accelerator chain. Providing stable intensity, energy, and emittance is key since it directly affects downstream machines. To operate high current beam, accelerators must minimize uncontrolled particle loss; this is generally accomplished by minimizing beam emittance. Ambient temperature and humidity variations are known to affect resonance frequency of the accelerating cavities which induces emittance growth. In addition, the energy and phase space distribution of particles emerging from the ion source are subject to fluctuations. To counter these effects we are working on implementing dynamic longitudinal parameter optimization based on Machine Learning (ML). As an input for the ML model, signals from beam diagnostic have to be well understand and reliable. We have been revisiting diagnostics in the linac. In this presentation we discuss the status of the diagnostics and beam studies as well as the status and plans for ML-based optimization.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA41
About •	Received ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPA04	Sheet Electron Probe for Beam Tomography	electron, proton, cathode, simulation	354
	V.G. Dudnikov, M.A. Cummings, G. Dudnikova Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Supported by DOE SBIR grant # DE-SC0021581. We propose a new approach to electron beam tomography: we will generate a pulsed sheet of electrons. As the ion beam bunches pass through the sheet, they cause distortions in the distribution of sheet electrons arriving at a luminescent screen with a CCD device on the other side of the beam; these sheet electrons are interpreted to give a continuous measurement of the beam profile. The apparatus to generate the sheet beam is a strip cathode, which, compared to the scanning electron beam probe, is smaller, has simpler design and less expensive manufacturing, has better magnetic shielding, has higher sensitivity and higher resolution, has better accuracy of measurement, and has better time resolution.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-TUPA04
About •	Received ※ 22 July 2022 — Revised ※ 02 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPA55	Progress Toward Improving Accelerator Performance and Automating Operations with Advanced Analysis Software	operation, cathode, software, electron	465
	J.E. Koglin, J.E. Coleman, M. McKerns, D. Ronquillo, A. Scheinker LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Research presented in this conference paper was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program of Los Alamos National Laboratory under project numbers XXG2, XX8R and XXB6. The penetrating radiography provided by the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility is a key capability in executing a core mission of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). A new suite of software is being developed in the Python programming language to support operations of the of two DARHT linear induction accelerators (LIAs). Historical data, built as hdf5 data structures for over a decade of operations, are being used to develop automated failure and anomaly detection software and train machine learning models to assist in beam tuning. Adaptive machine learning (AML) that incorporate physics-based models are being designed to use non-invasive diagnostic measurements to address the challenge of time variation in accelerator performance and target density evolution. AML methods are also being developed for experiments that use invasive diagnostics to understand the accelerator behavior at key locations, the results of which will be fed back into the accelerator models. The status and future outlook for these developments will be reported, including how Jupyter notebooks are being used to rapidly deploy these advances as highly-interactive web applications.
	Poster TUPA55 [1.919 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-TUPA55
About •	Received ※ 15 July 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPA84	Reconstructing Beam Parameters from Betatron Radiation Through Machine Learning and Maximum Likelihood Estimation	radiation, betatron, simulation, plasma	527
	S. Zhang, N. Majernik, B. Naranjo, J.B. Rosenzweig, M. Yadav UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA Ö. Apsimon, C.P. Welsch, M. Yadav The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
	Funding: US Department of Energy, Division of High Energy Physics, under Contract No. DE-SC0009914. The dense drive beam used in plasma wakefield acceleration generates a linear focusing force that causes electrons inside the witness beam to undergo betatron oscillations, giving rise to betatron radiation. Because information about the properties of the beam is encoded in the betatron radiation, measurements of the radiation such as those recorded by the UCLA-built Compton spectrometer can be used to reconstruct beam parameters. Two possible methods of extracting information about beam parameters from measurements of radiation are machine learning (ML), which is increasingly being implemented for different fields of beam diagnostics, and a statistical technique known as maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). We assess the ability of both machine learning and MLE methods to accurately extract beam parameters from measurements of betatron radiation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-TUPA84
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 07 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 October 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPA42	A Modular X-Ray Detector for Beamline Diagnostics at LANL	detector, DTL, shielding, electron	725
	P.M. Freeman, B. Odegard, R. Schmitz, D. Stuart, J. Yang UCSB, Santa Barbara, California, USA J. Bohon, M.S. Gulley, E.-C. Huang, J. Smedley LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA L. Malavasi WPI, Worcester, MA, USA
	An X-ray detector is being developed for diagnostic measurement and monitoring of the Drift Tube LINAC (DTL) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) at Los Alamos National Lab. The detector will consist of a row of x-ray spectrometers adjacent to the DTL that will measure the spectrum of X-rays resulting from bremsstrahlung of electrons created in vacuum by the RF. Each spectrometer will monitor a specific gap between drift tubes, and will consist of an array of scintillating crystals coupled to SiPMs read out with custom-built electronics. The spectrometer is designed with one LYSO and three NaI crystals. The LYSO provides a tagged gamma source with three peaks that are used for calibration of the NaI. A prototype of the spectrometer was tested at the LANSCE DTL to validate the feasibility of measuring gamma spectra and performing self-calibration in situ. A summary of test results with the LANSCE prototype will be presented, along with a detector system design that aims to be modular and inexpensive across all modules in the DTL. Plans for future development will be presented as well.
	Poster WEPA42 [1.308 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-WEPA42
About •	Received ※ 04 August 2022 — Revised ※ 06 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPA44	Compact Inter-Undulator Diagnostic Assembly for TESSA-515	undulator, quadrupole, electron, radiation	732
	T.J. Hodgetts, R.B. Agustsson, Y.C. Chen, A.Y. Murokh, M. Ruelas RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA P.E. Denham, A.C. Fisher, J. Jin, P. Musumeci, Y. Park UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
	Funding: DOE grant DE-SC0009914, DE-SC0018559, and DE-SC0017102. Beamline space is a very expensive and highly sought-after commodity, which makes the creation of compact integrated optics and diagnostics extremely valuable. The FAST- GREENS experimental program aims at demonstrating 10 % extraction efficiency from a relativistic electron beam using four helical undulators operating in the high gain TESSA regime. The inter-undulator gap needs to be as short as possible (17 cm in the current plans) to maximize the output power. Within this short distance, we needed to fit two focusing quadrupoles, a variable strength phase shifter, a transverse profile monitor consisting of a YAG-OTR combination for co-aligning the electron beam and laser, and an ion pump. By making the quadrupoles tunable with a variable gradient, in combination with vertical displacement, we can meet the optics requirements of matching the beam transversely to the natural focusing of the undulators. The two quadrupoles in conjunction with the electromagnetic dipole also serve as a phase shifter to realign the radiation and the bunching before each undulator section. This paper will discuss the mechanical design of this inter-undulator break section and its components.
	Poster WEPA44 [0.752 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-WEPA44
About •	Received ※ 27 July 2022 — Revised ※ 03 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 August 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THZE4	Experimental Characterization of Gas Sheet Transverse Profile Diagnostic	electron, laser, operation, MMI	907
	N. Burger, G. Andonian, D.I. Gavryushkin, T.J. Hodgetts, A.-L.M.S. Lamure, M. Ruelas RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA N.M. Cook, A. Diaw RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA P.E. Denham, P. Musumeci, A. Ody UCLA, Los Angeles, USA N.P. Norvell UCSC, Santa Cruz, California, USA C.P. Welsch, M. Yadav The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Transverse profile diagnostics for high-intensity beams require solutions that are non-intercepting and single-shot. In this paper, we describe a gas-sheet ionization diagnostic that employs a precision-shaped, neutral gas jet. As the high-intensity beam passes through the gas sheet, neutral particles are ionized. The ionization products are transported and imaged on a detector. A neural-network based reconstruction algorithm, trained on simulation data, then outputs the initial transverse conditions of the beam prior to ionization. The diagnostic is also adaptable to image the photons from recombination. Preliminary tests at low energy are presented to characterize the working principle of the instrument, including comparisons to existing diagnostics. The results are parametrized as a function of beam charge, spot size, and bunch length.
	Slides THZE4 [2.051 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-THZE4
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 October 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOPA09

Design of a 4D Emittance Diagnostic for Low-Energy Ion Beams

emittance, quadrupole, simulation, linac

67

T.R. Curtin, M.S. Curtin
Ion Linac Systems, Inc., Albuquerque, USA

Characterization of ion beams from an ion injector consisting of an electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) source in combination with a low-energy-beam-transport (LEBT) typically exhibits a complex four-dimensional transverse phase-space distribution. The importance of measuring the ion beam correlations following extraction and transport of the low-energy beam is critical to enabling optimization of beam transmission through downstream accelerating structures. A design for a transverse, four-dimensional emittance meter for low-energy protons from the Ion Linac Systems (ILS) ECR-LEBT ion injector is provided.

Poster MOPA09 [0.479 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA09

About •

Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 December 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 December 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPA41

Diagnostics for LINAC Optimization with Machine Learning

linac, DTL, network, controls

139

R.V. Sharankova, M.W. Mwaniki, K. Seiya, M.E. Wesley
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The Fermilab Linac delivers 400 MeV H⁻ beam to the rest of the accelerator chain. Providing stable intensity, energy, and emittance is key since it directly affects downstream machines. To operate high current beam, accelerators must minimize uncontrolled particle loss; this is generally accomplished by minimizing beam emittance. Ambient temperature and humidity variations are known to affect resonance frequency of the accelerating cavities which induces emittance growth. In addition, the energy and phase space distribution of particles emerging from the ion source are subject to fluctuations. To counter these effects we are working on implementing dynamic longitudinal parameter optimization based on Machine Learning (ML). As an input for the ML model, signals from beam diagnostic have to be well understand and reliable. We have been revisiting diagnostics in the linac. In this presentation we discuss the status of the diagnostics and beam studies as well as the status and plans for ML-based optimization.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA41

About •

Received ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPA04

Sheet Electron Probe for Beam Tomography

electron, proton, cathode, simulation

354

V.G. Dudnikov, M.A. Cummings, G. Dudnikova
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA

Funding: Supported by DOE SBIR grant # DE-SC0021581.
We propose a new approach to electron beam tomography: we will generate a pulsed sheet of electrons. As the ion beam bunches pass through the sheet, they cause distortions in the distribution of sheet electrons arriving at a luminescent screen with a CCD device on the other side of the beam; these sheet electrons are interpreted to give a continuous measurement of the beam profile. The apparatus to generate the sheet beam is a strip cathode, which, compared to the scanning electron beam probe, is smaller, has simpler design and less expensive manufacturing, has better magnetic shielding, has higher sensitivity and higher resolution, has better accuracy of measurement, and has better time resolution.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-TUPA04

About •

Received ※ 22 July 2022 — Revised ※ 02 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPA55

Progress Toward Improving Accelerator Performance and Automating Operations with Advanced Analysis Software

operation, cathode, software, electron

465

J.E. Koglin, J.E. Coleman, M. McKerns, D. Ronquillo, A. Scheinker
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Research presented in this conference paper was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program of Los Alamos National Laboratory under project numbers XXG2, XX8R and XXB6.
The penetrating radiography provided by the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility is a key capability in executing a core mission of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). A new suite of software is being developed in the Python programming language to support operations of the of two DARHT linear induction accelerators (LIAs). Historical data, built as hdf5 data structures for over a decade of operations, are being used to develop automated failure and anomaly detection software and train machine learning models to assist in beam tuning. Adaptive machine learning (AML) that incorporate physics-based models are being designed to use non-invasive diagnostic measurements to address the challenge of time variation in accelerator performance and target density evolution. AML methods are also being developed for experiments that use invasive diagnostics to understand the accelerator behavior at key locations, the results of which will be fed back into the accelerator models. The status and future outlook for these developments will be reported, including how Jupyter notebooks are being used to rapidly deploy these advances as highly-interactive web applications.

Poster TUPA55 [1.919 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-TUPA55

About •

Received ※ 15 July 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPA84

Reconstructing Beam Parameters from Betatron Radiation Through Machine Learning and Maximum Likelihood Estimation

radiation, betatron, simulation, plasma

527

S. Zhang, N. Majernik, B. Naranjo, J.B. Rosenzweig, M. Yadav
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
Ö. Apsimon, C.P. Welsch, M. Yadav
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Funding: US Department of Energy, Division of High Energy Physics, under Contract No. DE-SC0009914.
The dense drive beam used in plasma wakefield acceleration generates a linear focusing force that causes electrons inside the witness beam to undergo betatron oscillations, giving rise to betatron radiation. Because information about the properties of the beam is encoded in the betatron radiation, measurements of the radiation such as those recorded by the UCLA-built Compton spectrometer can be used to reconstruct beam parameters. Two possible methods of extracting information about beam parameters from measurements of radiation are machine learning (ML), which is increasingly being implemented for different fields of beam diagnostics, and a statistical technique known as maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). We assess the ability of both machine learning and MLE methods to accurately extract beam parameters from measurements of betatron radiation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-TUPA84

About •

Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 07 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 October 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPA42

A Modular X-Ray Detector for Beamline Diagnostics at LANL

detector, DTL, shielding, electron

725

P.M. Freeman, B. Odegard, R. Schmitz, D. Stuart, J. Yang
UCSB, Santa Barbara, California, USA
J. Bohon, M.S. Gulley, E.-C. Huang, J. Smedley
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
L. Malavasi
WPI, Worcester, MA, USA

An X-ray detector is being developed for diagnostic measurement and monitoring of the Drift Tube LINAC (DTL) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) at Los Alamos National Lab. The detector will consist of a row of x-ray spectrometers adjacent to the DTL that will measure the spectrum of X-rays resulting from bremsstrahlung of electrons created in vacuum by the RF. Each spectrometer will monitor a specific gap between drift tubes, and will consist of an array of scintillating crystals coupled to SiPMs read out with custom-built electronics. The spectrometer is designed with one LYSO and three NaI crystals. The LYSO provides a tagged gamma source with three peaks that are used for calibration of the NaI. A prototype of the spectrometer was tested at the LANSCE DTL to validate the feasibility of measuring gamma spectra and performing self-calibration in situ. A summary of test results with the LANSCE prototype will be presented, along with a detector system design that aims to be modular and inexpensive across all modules in the DTL. Plans for future development will be presented as well.

Poster WEPA42 [1.308 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-WEPA42

About •

Received ※ 04 August 2022 — Revised ※ 06 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPA44

Compact Inter-Undulator Diagnostic Assembly for TESSA-515

undulator, quadrupole, electron, radiation

732

T.J. Hodgetts, R.B. Agustsson, Y.C. Chen, A.Y. Murokh, M. Ruelas
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
P.E. Denham, A.C. Fisher, J. Jin, P. Musumeci, Y. Park
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA

Funding: DOE grant DE-SC0009914, DE-SC0018559, and DE-SC0017102.
Beamline space is a very expensive and highly sought-after commodity, which makes the creation of compact integrated optics and diagnostics extremely valuable. The FAST- GREENS experimental program aims at demonstrating 10 % extraction efficiency from a relativistic electron beam using four helical undulators operating in the high gain TESSA regime. The inter-undulator gap needs to be as short as possible (17 cm in the current plans) to maximize the output power. Within this short distance, we needed to fit two focusing quadrupoles, a variable strength phase shifter, a transverse profile monitor consisting of a YAG-OTR combination for co-aligning the electron beam and laser, and an ion pump. By making the quadrupoles tunable with a variable gradient, in combination with vertical displacement, we can meet the optics requirements of matching the beam transversely to the natural focusing of the undulators. The two quadrupoles in conjunction with the electromagnetic dipole also serve as a phase shifter to realign the radiation and the bunching before each undulator section. This paper will discuss the mechanical design of this inter-undulator break section and its components.

Poster WEPA44 [0.752 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-WEPA44

About •

Received ※ 27 July 2022 — Revised ※ 03 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 August 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THZE4

Experimental Characterization of Gas Sheet Transverse Profile Diagnostic

electron, laser, operation, MMI

907

N. Burger, G. Andonian, D.I. Gavryushkin, T.J. Hodgetts, A.-L.M.S. Lamure, M. Ruelas
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
N.M. Cook, A. Diaw
RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
P.E. Denham, P. Musumeci, A. Ody
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
N.P. Norvell
UCSC, Santa Cruz, California, USA
C.P. Welsch, M. Yadav
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Transverse profile diagnostics for high-intensity beams require solutions that are non-intercepting and single-shot. In this paper, we describe a gas-sheet ionization diagnostic that employs a precision-shaped, neutral gas jet. As the high-intensity beam passes through the gas sheet, neutral particles are ionized. The ionization products are transported and imaged on a detector. A neural-network based reconstruction algorithm, trained on simulation data, then outputs the initial transverse conditions of the beam prior to ionization. The diagnostic is also adaptable to image the photons from recombination. Preliminary tests at low energy are presented to characterize the working principle of the instrument, including comparisons to existing diagnostics. The results are parametrized as a function of beam charge, spot size, and bunch length.

Slides THZE4 [2.051 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-THZE4

About •

Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 October 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)