MOPA —  Poster Session   (08-Aug-22   16:30—18:00)
Chair: P.M. Anisimov, LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Paper	Title	Page
MOPA01	Realistic CAD-Based Geometries for Arbitrary Magnets with Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM)	55
	E. Ramoisiaux, R. Dantinne, E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, S. Musibau, B. Ndihokubwayo, N. Pauly, R. Tesse, M. Vanwelde ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium S.T. Boogert, L.J. Nevay, W. Shields Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom C. Hernalsteens CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Monte Carlo sim­u­la­tions are re­quired to eval­u­ate beam losses and sec­ondary ra­di­a­tion ac­cu­rately in par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tors and beam­lines. De­tailed CAD geome­tries are crit­i­cal to ac­count for a re­al­is­tic dis­tri­b­u­tion of ma­te­r­ial masses but in­crease the model com­plex­ity and often lead to code du­pli­ca­tion. Beam De­liv­ery Sim­u­la­tion (BDSIM) and the Python pack­age pyg4om­e­try en­able han­dling such ac­cel­er­a­tor mod­els within a sin­gle, sim­pli­fied work­flow to run com­plete sim­u­la­tions of pri­mary and sec­ondary par­ti­cle track­ing and in­ter­ac­tions with mat­ter using Geant4 rou­tines. Ad­di­tional ca­pa­bil­i­ties have been de­vel­oped to model ar­bi­trary bent mag­nets by as­so­ci­at­ing ex­ter­nally mod­eled geome­tries to the mag­net poles, yoke, and beampipe. In­di­vid­ual field de­scrip­tions can be as­so­ci­ated with the yoke and vac­uum pipe sep­a­rately to pro­vide fine-grained con­trol of the mag­net model. The im­ple­men­ta­tion of these new fea­tures is de­scribed in de­tail and ap­plied to the mod­el­ing of the CERN Pro­ton Syn­chro­tron (PS) com­bined func­tion mag­nets.
	Poster MOPA01 [0.781 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA01
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 07 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022
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MOPA02	Activation of the IBA Proteus One Proton Therapy Beamline Using BDSIM and FISPACT-II	59
	E. Ramoisiaux, E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, N. Pauly, R. Tesse, M. Vanwelde ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium C. Hernalsteens CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Cy­clotron-based pro­ton ther­apy sys­tems gen­er­ate large fluxes of sec­ondary par­ti­cles due to the beam in­ter­ac­tions with the beam­line el­e­ments, with the en­ergy de­grader being the dom­i­nant source. Com­pact sys­tems ex­ac­er­bate these chal­lenges for con­crete shield­ing and beam­line el­e­ment ac­ti­va­tion. Our im­ple­men­ta­tion of the Rig­or­ous Two-Step method uses Beam De­liv­ery Sim­u­la­tion (BDSIM), a Geant4-based par­ti­cle track­ing code, for pri­mary and sec­ondary par­ti­cles trans­port and flu­ence scor­ing, and FIS­PACT-II for time-de­pen­dent nu­clear in­ven­tory and solv­ing the rate equa­tions. This ap­proach is ap­plied to the Ion Beam Ap­pli­ca­tions (IBA) Pro­teus®ONE (P1) sys­tem, for which a com­plete model has been built, val­i­dated, and used for shield­ing ac­ti­va­tion sim­u­la­tions. We de­tail the first sim­u­la­tions of the ac­ti­va­tion on quadru­pole mag­nets in high-flu­ence lo­ca­tions down­stream of the de­grader. Re­sults show the evo­lu­tion of the long-lived nu­clide con­cen­tra­tions for short and long timescales through­out the fa­cil­ity life­time for a typ­i­cal op­er­a­tion sce­nario.
	Poster MOPA02 [0.553 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA02
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 September 2022
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MOPA08	Beamline Optimization Methods for High Intensity Muon Beams at PSI	63
	E.V. Valetov PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 884104 (PSI-FELLOW-III-3i). We per­form beam­line de­sign op­ti­miza­tion for the High In­ten­sity Muon Beams (HIMB) pro­ject at the Paul Scher­rer In­sti­tute (PSI), which will de­liver muon beams at the un­prece­dented rate of 1·1010 muons/s to next-gen­er­a­tion in­ten­sity fron­tier par­ti­cle physics and ma­te­r­ial sci­ence ex­per­i­ments. For op­ti­miza­tion of the de­sign and op­er­a­tional pa­ra­me­ters to max­i­mize the beam­line trans­mis­sion, we use the asyn­chro­nous Bayesian op­ti­miza­tion pack­age Deep­Hy­per and a cus­tom build of G4beam­line with vari­ance re­duc­tion and mea­sured cross sec­tions. We min­i­mize the beam spot size at the final foci using a COSY IN­FIN­ITY model with dif­fer­en­tial-al­ge­braic sys­tem knobs, where we min­i­mize the re­spec­tive trans­fer map el­e­ments using the Lev­en­berg-Mar­quardt and sim­u­lated an­neal­ing op­ti­miz­ers. We ob­tained a trans­mis­sion of 1.34·1010 muons/s in a G4beam­line model of HIMB’s MUH2 beam­line into the ex­per­i­men­tal area.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA08
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 August 2022
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MOPA09	Design of a 4D Emittance Diagnostic for Low-Energy Ion Beams	67
	T.R. Curtin, M.S. Curtin Ion Linac Systems, Inc., Albuquerque, USA
	Char­ac­ter­i­za­tion of ion beams from an ion in­jec­tor con­sist­ing of an elec­tron-cy­clotron-res­o­nance (ECR) source in com­bi­na­tion with a low-en­ergy-beam-trans­port (LEBT) typ­i­cally ex­hibits a com­plex four-di­men­sional trans­verse phase-space dis­tri­b­u­tion. The im­por­tance of mea­sur­ing the ion beam cor­re­la­tions fol­low­ing ex­trac­tion and trans­port of the low-en­ergy beam is crit­i­cal to en­abling op­ti­miza­tion of beam trans­mis­sion through down­stream ac­cel­er­at­ing struc­tures. A de­sign for a trans­verse, four-di­men­sional emit­tance meter for low-en­ergy pro­tons from the Ion Linac Sys­tems (ILS) ECR-LEBT ion in­jec­tor is pro­vided.
	Poster MOPA09 [0.479 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA09
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 27 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 December 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 December 2022
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MOPA12	Commissioning of HOM Detectors in the First Cryomodule of the LCLS-II Linac	69
	J.A. Diaz Cruz UNM-ECE, Albuquerque, USA B.T. Jacobson, N.R. Neveu, J.P. Sikora SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Long-range wake­fields (LRWs) may cause emit­tance di­lu­tion ef­fects. LWRs are es­pe­cially un­wanted at fa­cil­i­ties with low emit­tance beams like the LCLS-II at SLAC. Dipo­lar higher-or­der modes (HOMs) are a set of LRWs that are ex­cited by off-axis beams. Two 4-chan­nel HOM de­tec­tors were built to mea­sure the beam-in­duced HOM sig­nals for TESLA-type su­per­con­duct­ing RF (SRF) cav­i­ties; they were tested at the Fer­mi­lab Ac­cel­er­a­tor Sci­ence and Tech­nol­ogy (FAST) fa­cil­ity and are now in­stalled at SLAC. The HOM de­tec­tors were de­signed to in­ves­ti­gate LRW ef­fects on the beam and to help with beam align­ment. This paper pre­sents pre­lim­i­nary re­sults of HOM mea­sure­ments at the first cry­omod­ule (CM01) of the LCLS-II linac and de­scribes the rel­e­vant hard­ware and setup of the ex­per­i­ment.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA12
About •	Received ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 20 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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MOPA13	Design of a Surrogate Model for MUED at BNL Using VSim, Elegant and HPC	72
	S.I. Sosa Guitron, S. Biedron, T.B. Bolin UNM-ECE, Albuquerque, USA S. Biedron Element Aero, Chicago, USA S. Biedron UNM-ME, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Program of Electron and Scanning Probe Microscopes, award number DE-SC0021365. The MeV Ul­tra­fast Elec­tron Dif­frac­tion (MUED) in­stru­ment at Brookhaven Na­tional Lab­o­ra­tory is a unique ca­pa­bil­ity for ma­te­r­ial sci­ence. As part of a plan to make MUED a high-through­put user fa­cil­ity, we are ex­plor­ing in­stru­men­ta­tion de­vel­op­ments based on Ma­chine Learn­ing (ML). We are de­vel­op­ing a sur­ro­gate model of MUED that can be used to sup­port con­trol tasks. The sur­ro­gate model will be based on beam sim­u­la­tions that are bench­marked to ex­per­i­men­tal ob­ser­va­tions. We use VSim to model the beam dy­nam­ics of the ra­dio-fre­quency gun and El­e­gant to trans­port the beam through the rest of the beam-line. We also use High Per­for­mance Com­put­ing re­sources from Ar­gonne Lead­er­ship Com­put­ing Fa­cil­ity to gen­er­ate the data for the sur­ro­gate model based on the orig­i­nal sim­u­la­tion as well as train­ing the ML model.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA13
About •	Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 August 2022
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MOPA14	A Wide Dynamic-Range Halo Monitor for 8 GeV Proton Beams at FNAL	75
	Y. Hashimoto, C. Ohmori, T. Sasaki, M. Tejima, T. Toyama, M. Uota KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan R. Ainsworthpresenter Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA H. Sakai Mitsubishi Electric System & Service Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan Y. Sato J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
	Funding: Foundation: U.S.-Japan Science and Technology Cooperation Program in High Energy Physics. Elim­i­nat­ing harm­ful beam halos is the most im­por­tant tech­nique for high-in­ten­sity pro­ton ac­cel­er­a­tors. There­fore, beam halo di­ag­no­sis is in­dis­pens­able and be­comes more and more im­por­tant. At J-PARC, a wide dy­namic range mon­i­tor was in­stalled in the beam trans­port line in 2012. The de­vice is a two-di­men­sional beam pro­file mon­i­tor [*, **], and it has a dy­namic range of ap­prox­i­mately six dig­its of mag­ni­tude by using Op­ti­cal Tran­si­tion Ra­di­a­tion and flu­o­res­cence screens. The FNAL ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex has been up­grad­ing through in­creased beam in­ten­sity and beam qual­ity. A new beam halo di­ag­nos­tic de­vice is re­quired in the beam trans­port line be­tween the booster and re­cy­cler. It will be man­u­fac­tured in a col­lab­o­ra­tion be­tween J-PARC and FNAL as a part of the U.S.-Japan Sci­ence and Tech­nol­ogy Co­op­er­a­tion Pro­gram in High En­ergy Physics. We are re­design­ing the mon­i­tor to sat­isfy FNAL spec­i­fi­ca­tions for beam en­ergy, in­ten­sity, and size. The equip­ment will be man­u­fac­tured at J-PARC and then shipped to FNAL in 2024. In this re­port, the de­sign of the de­vice will be de­scribed. * https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/IBIC2013/papers/tucl2.pdf ** http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/HB2014/papers/tuo2ab04.pdf
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA14
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 07 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 September 2022
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MOPA15	Synchronous High-Frequency Distributed Readout for Edge Processing at the Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler	79
	J.R. Berlioz, J.M.S. Arnold, M.R. Austin, P.M. Hanlet, K.J. Hazelwood, M.A. Ibrahim, A. Narayanan, D.J. Nicklaus, G. Pradhan, A.L. Saewert, B.A. Schupbach, R.M. Thurman-Keup, N.V. Tran Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA J. Jiang, H. Liu, S. Memik, R. Shi, M. Thieme, D. Ulusel Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA A. Narayanan Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No.De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy. Additional funding provided by Grant Award No. LAB 20-2261 The Main In­jec­tor (MI) was com­mis­sioned using data ac­qui­si­tion sys­tems de­vel­oped for the Fer­mi­lab Main Ring in the 1980s. New VME-based in­stru­men­ta­tion was com­mis­sioned in 2006 for beam loss mon­i­tors (BLM), which pro­vided a more sys­tem­atic study of the ma­chine and im­proved dis­plays of rou­tine op­er­a­tion. How­ever, cur­rent pro­jects are de­mand­ing more data and at a faster rate from this aging hard­ware. One such pro­ject, Real-time Edge AI for Dis­trib­uted Sys­tems (READS), re­quires the high-fre­quency, low-la­tency col­lec­tion of syn­chro­nized BLM read­ings from around the ap­prox­i­mately two-mile ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex. Sig­nif­i­cant work has been done to de­velop new hard­ware to mon­i­tor the VME back­plane and broad­cast BLM mea­sure­ments over Eth­er­net, while not dis­rupt­ing the ex­ist­ing op­er­a­tions-crit­i­cal func­tions of the BLM sys­tem. This paper will de­tail the de­sign, im­ple­men­ta­tion, and test­ing of this par­al­lel data path­way.
	Poster MOPA15 [1.641 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA15
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 04 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 August 2022
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MOPA17	Symplectic Particle Tracking in a Thick Nonlinear McMillan Lens for the Fermilab Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA)	83
	B.L. Cathey, G. Stancari, T. Zolkin Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The McMil­lan sys­tem is a novel method to in­crease the tune spread of a beam with­out de­creas­ing its dy­namic aper­ture due to the sys­tem’s in­te­gra­bil­ity. While the ideal sys­tem is based on an in­fi­nitely thin kick, the phys­i­cal de­sign re­quires a thick elec­tron lens, in­clud­ing a so­le­noid. Par­ti­cle trans­port through the lens is dif­fi­cult to sim­u­late due to the na­ture of the force on the cir­cu­lat­ing beam. This paper demon­strates ac­cu­rate sim­u­la­tion of a thick McMil­lan lens in a so­le­noid using sym­plec­tic in­te­gra­tors de­rived from Yoshida’s method.
	Poster MOPA17 [2.290 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA17
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 04 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 October 2022
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MOPA18	Residual Dose and Environmental Monitoring for the Fermilab Main Injector Tunnel Using the Data Acquisition Logging Engine (Dale)	87
	N. Chelidze, R. Ainsworth, B.C. Brown, D. Capista, K.J. Hazelwood, D.K. Morris, M.J. Murphy Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory The Re­cy­cler and the Main In­jec­tor are part of the Fer­mi­lab Ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex used to de­liver pro­ton beam to the dif­fer­ent ex­per­i­ments. It is very im­por­tant to con­trol and min­i­mize losses in both ma­chines dur­ing op­er­a­tion, to re­duce per­son­nel dose from resid­ual ac­ti­va­tion and to pre­serve com­po­nent life­time. To min­i­mize losses, we need to iden­tify the loss points and ad­just the com­po­nents ac­cord­ingly. The Data Ac­qui­si­tion Loss En­gine (DALE) plat­form has been de­vel­oped within the Main In­jec­tor de­part­ment and up­graded through­out the years. DALE is used to sur­vey the en­tire en­clo­sure for resid­ual dose rates and en­vi­ron­men­tal read­ings when un­re­stricted ac­cess to the en­clo­sure is pos­si­ble. Cur­rently DALE has two ra­di­a­tion me­ters, which are aligned along each ma­chine, so loss points can be iden­ti­fied for both at the same time. DALE at­taches to the en­clo­sure carts and is con­tin­u­ously in mo­tion mon­i­tor­ing dose rates and other en­vi­ron­men­tal read­ings. In this paper we will de­scribe how DALE is used to pro­vide ra­di­a­tion maps of the resid­ual dose rates in the en­clo­sure. We will also com­pare the loss points with the Beam Loss mon­i­tor data.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA18
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 September 2022
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MOPA19	The Effect of the Main Injector Ramp on the Recycler	90
	N. Chelidze, R. Ainsworth, K.J. Hazelwood Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The Re­cy­cler and Main In­jec­tor are part of the Fer­mi­lab Ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex used to de­liver a high power pro­ton beam. Both ma­chines share the same en­clo­sure with the Re­cy­cler mounted 6 ft above the Main In­jec­tor. The Main In­jec­tor ac­cel­er­ates beam from 8 GeV to 120 GeV. While the ma­jor­ity of the Re­cy­cler has mu metal shield­ing, the ef­fect of the Main In­jec­tor ramp is still sig­nif­i­cant and can af­fect both the tunes and the orbit. In this paper, we de­tail the size of these ef­fects.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA19
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 August 2022
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MOPA21	Effect of Electropolishing on Nitrogen Doped and Undoped Niobium Surfaces	93
	V. Chouhan, F. Furuta, M. Martinello, T.J. Ring, G. Wu Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Cold elec­trop­o­l­ish­ing (EP) of a ni­tro­gen-doped (N-doped) nio­bium (Nb) su­per­con­duct­ing RF (SRF) cav­ity was found to im­prove its qual­ity fac­tor. In order to un­der­stand the ef­fect of EP tem­per­a­ture on N-doped and un­doped sur­faces, a sys­tem­atic EP study was con­ducted with 2/0 N-doped and heat-treated Nb sam­ples in a beaker. The Nb sam­ples were elec­trop­o­l­ished at dif­fer­ent sur­face tem­per­a­tures rang­ing from 0 to 42 C. The re­sults showed that the doped sur­face was sus­cep­ti­ble to the sam­ple tem­per­a­ture dur­ing EP. EP re­sulted in the sur­face pit­ting on the doped sam­ples where the num­ber den­sity of pits in­creased at a higher tem­per­a­ture. The sur­face re­sults were com­pared with the sur­face of cutouts from a 9-cell cav­ity which was 2/0 N-doped and elec­trop­o­l­ished. This paper shows de-tailed sur­face fea­tures of the N-doped and un­doped Nb sur­faces elec­trop­o­l­ished at dif­fer­ent tem­per­a­tures.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA21
About •	Received ※ 20 July 2022 — Revised ※ 24 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 August 2022
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MOPA22	Study on Electropolishing Conditions for 650 MHz Niobium SRF Cavity	97
	V. Chouhan, D.J. Bice, F. Furuta, M. Martinello, M.K. Ng, H. Park, T.J. Ring, G. Wu Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA B.M. Guilfoyle, M.P. Kelly, T. Reid ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	The PIP II lin­ear ac­cel­er­a­tor in­cludes dif­fer­ent types of nio­bium SRF cav­i­ties in­clud­ing 650 MHz el­lip­ti­cal low (0.61) and high (0.92) beta cav­i­ties. The el­lip­ti­cal cav­ity sur­face is processed with the elec­trop­o­l­ish­ing method. The el­lip­ti­cal cav­i­ties es­pe­cially the low-beta 650 MHz cav­i­ties showed a rough equa­tor sur­face after the EP was per­formed with the stan­dard EP con­di­tions. This work was fo­cused to study the ef­fect of dif­fer­ent EP pa­ra­me­ters, in­clud­ing cath­ode sur­face area, tem­per­a­ture and volt­age, and op­ti­mize them to im­prove the cav­ity sur­face.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA22
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022
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MOPA23	Tests of the Extended Range SRF Cavity Tuners for the LCLS-II HE Project	100
	C. Contreras-Martinez, T.T. Arkan, A.T. Cravatta, B.D. Hartsell, J.A. Kaluzny, T.N. Khabiboulline, Y.M. Pischalnikov, S. Posen, G.V. Romanov, J.C. Yun Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The LCLS-II HE su­per­con­duct­ing linac will pro­duce multi-en­ergy beams by sup­port­ing mul­ti­ple un­du­la­tor lines si­mul­ta­ne­ously. This could be achieved by using the cav­ity SRF tuner in the off-fre­quency de­tune mode. This off-fre­quency op­er­a­tion method was tested in the ver­i­fi­ca­tion cry­omod­ule (vCM) and CM 1 at Fer­mi­lab at 2 K. In both cases, the tuners achieved a fre­quency shift of -565±80 kHz. This study will dis­cuss cav­ity fre­quency dur­ing each step as it is being as­sem­bled in the cry­omod­ule string and fi­nally when it is being tested at 2 K. Track­ing the cav­ity fre­quency helped en­able the tuners to reach this large fre­quency shift. The spe­cific pro­ce­dures of tuner set­ting dur­ing as­sem­bly will be pre­sented.
	Poster MOPA23 [0.654 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA23
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 11 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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MOPA24	LCLS-II and HE Cryomodule Microphonics at CMTF at Fermilab	103
	C. Contreras-Martinez, B.E. Chase, A.T. Cravatta, J.A. Einstein-Curtis, E.R. Harms, J.P. Holzbauer, J.N. Makara, S. Posen, R. Wang Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA L.R. Doolittle LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Mi­cro­phon­ics causes the cav­ity to de­tune. This study dis­cusses the mi­cro­phon­ics of 16 cry­omod­ules, 14 for LCLS-II and 2 for LCLS-II HE tested at CMTF. The peak de­tun­ing, as well as the RMS de­tun­ing for each cry­omod­ule, will be dis­cussed. For each cry­omod­ule, the data was taken with enough soak­ing time to pre­vent any ther­mal­iza­tion ef­fects which can show up in the de­tun­ing. Each data cap­ture taken was 30 min­utes or longer and sam­pled at 1 kHz.
	Poster MOPA24 [1.428 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA24
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 September 2022
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MOPA25	Simulated Lorentz Force Detuning Compensation with a Double Lever Tuner on a Dressed ILC/1.3 GHz Cavity at Room Temperature	106
	C. Contreras-Martinez, Y.M. Pischalnikov, J.C. Yun Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Pulsed SRF linacs with high ac­cel­er­at­ing gra­di­ents ex­pe­ri­ence large fre­quency shifts caused by Lorentz force de­tun­ing (LFD). A piezo­elec­tric ac­tu­a­tor with a res­o­nance con­trol al­go­rithm can main­tain the cav­ity fre­quency at the nom­i­nal level thus re­duc­ing the RF power. This study uses a dou­ble lever tuner with a piezo­elec­tric ac­tu­a­tor for com­pen­sa­tion and an­other piezo­elec­tric ac­tu­a­tor to sim­u­late the ef­fects of the Lorentz force pulse. A dou­ble lever tuner has an ad­van­tage by in­creas­ing the stiff­ness of the cav­ity-tuner sys­tem thus re­duc­ing the ef­fects of LFD. The tests are con­ducted at room tem­per­a­ture and with a dressed 1.3 GHz 9-cell cav­ity.
	Poster MOPA25 [0.931 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA25
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 August 2022
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MOPA27	Validation of the 650 MHz SRF Tuner on the Low and High Beta Cavities for PIP-II at 2 K	109
	C. Contreras-Martinez, S.K. Chandrasekaran, S. Cheban, G.V. Eremeev, I.V. Gonin, T.N. Khabiboulline, Y.M. Pischalnikov, O.V. Prokofiev, A.I. Sukhanov, J.C. Yun Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The PIP-II linac will in­clude thirty-six BG=0.61 and twenty-four BG=0.92 650 MHz 5 cell el­lip­ti­cal SRF cav­i­ties. Each cav­ity will be equipped with a tun­ing sys­tem con­sist­ing of a dou­ble lever slow tuner for coarse fre­quency tun­ing and a piezo­elec­tric ac­tu­a­tor for fine fre­quency tun­ing. The same tuner will be used for both the BG=0.61 and BG=0.92 cav­i­ties. Re­sults of test­ing the cav­ity-tuner sys­tem for the BG=0.61 will be pre­sented for the first time.
	Poster MOPA27 [0.782 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA27
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 October 2022
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MOPA28	Semantic Regression for Disentangling Beam Losses in the Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler	112
	M. Thieme, H. Liu, S. Memik, R. Shi Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA J.M.S. Arnold, M.R. Austin, P.M. Hanlet, K.J. Hazelwoodpresenter, M.A. Ibrahim, V.P. Nagaslaev, A. Narayanan, D.J. Nicklaus, G. Pradhan, A.L. Saewert, B.A. Schupbach, K. Seiya, R.M. Thurman-Keup, N.V. Tran Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No.De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy. Additional funding provided by Grant Award No. LAB 20-2261, Batavia, IL USA Fer­mi­lab’s Main In­jec­tor en­clo­sure houses two ac­cel­er­a­tors: the Main In­jec­tor (MI) and the Re­cy­cler (RR). In pe­ri­ods of joint op­er­a­tion, when both ma­chines con­tain high in­ten­sity beam, ra­dia­tive beam losses from MI and RR over­lap on the en­clo­sure’s beam loss mon­i­tor­ing (BLM) sys­tem, mak­ing it dif­fi­cult to at­tribute those losses to a sin­gle ma­chine. In­cor­rect di­ag­noses re­sult in un­nec­es­sary down­time that in­curs both fi­nan­cial and ex­per­i­men­tal cost. In this work, we in­tro­duce a novel neural ap­proach for au­to­mat­i­cally dis­en­tan­gling each ma­chine’s con­tri­bu­tions to those mea­sured losses. Using a con­tin­u­ous adap­ta­tion of the pop­u­lar UNet ar­chi­tec­ture in con­junc­tion with a novel data aug­men­ta­tion scheme, our model ac­cu­rately in­fers the ma­chine of ori­gin on a per-BLM basis in pe­ri­ods of joint and in­de­pen­dent op­er­a­tion. Cru­cially, by ex­tract­ing beam loss in­for­ma­tion at vary­ing re­cep­tive fields, the method is ca­pa­ble of learn­ing both local and global ma­chine sig­na­tures and pro­duc­ing high qual­ity in­fer­ences using only raw BLM loss mea­sure­ments.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA28
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 September 2022
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MOPA29	Second Generation Fermilab Main Injector 8 GeV Beamline Collimation Preliminary Design	116
	K.J. Hazelwood, P. Adamson, B.C. Brown, D. Capista, R.M. Donahue, B.L. Klein, N.V. Mokhov, V.S. Pronskikh, V.I. Sidorov, M.C. Vincent Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The cur­rent Fer­mi­lab Main In­jec­tor 8 GeV beam­line trans­verse col­li­ma­tion sys­tem was in­stalled in 2006. Since then, pro­ton beam in­ten­si­ties and rates have in­creased sig­nif­i­cantly. With the promise of even greater beam in­ten­si­ties and a faster rep­e­ti­tion rate when the PIP-II up­grade com­pletes later this decade, the cur­rent col­li­ma­tion sys­tem will be in­suf­fi­cient. Over the past 18 months, mul­ti­ple col­li­ma­tion de­signs have been in­ves­ti­gated, some more tra­di­tional and oth­ers novel. A pre­lim­i­nary de­sign re­view was con­ducted and a de­sign cho­sen. Work is un­der­way to fi­nal­ize the cho­sen de­sign, pro­to­type some of its novel com­po­nents and pro­cure parts for in­stal­la­tion Sum­mer 2023.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA29
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 September 2022
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MOPA30	LCLS-II BCS Average Current Monitor	120
	N.M. Ludlow, T.L. Allison, J.P. Sikora, J.J. Welch SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	LCLS-II is a 4th gen­er­a­tion light source at the SLAC Na­tional Ac­cel­er­a­tor Lab­o­ra­tory. LCLS-II will ac­cel­er­ate a 30 µA elec­tron beam with a 1 MHz bunch rate with a new su­per­con­duct­ing Con­tin­u­ous Wave­form (CW) RF ac­cel­er­a­tor. The Av­er­age Cur­rent Mon­i­tor (ACM) is part of the Beam Con­tain­ment Sys­tem (BCS) for the LCLS-II ac­cel­er­a­tor. The Beam Con­tain­ment Sys­tem is a safety sys­tem that pro­vides paths to safely shut the ac­cel­er­a­tor beam off under a va­ri­ety of con­di­tions. The Av­er­age Cur­rent Mon­i­tor is a beam di­ag­nos­tic within the BCS that is used to ver­ify that the ac­cel­er­a­tor is pro­duc­ing the ap­pro­pri­ate cur­rent level and to limit beam power to al­lowed val­ues to pro­tect the ma­chine and beam dumps. The av­er­age beam cur­rent is ob­tained by mea­sur­ing the power level in­duced by the beam in a low Q cav­ity. By know­ing the Q, the beta, and the cou­pling of the cav­ity, the in­stan­ta­neous charge can be cal­cu­lated, then in­te­grat­ing the in­stan­ta­neous charge over one mil­lisec­ond will yield the av­er­age cur­rent. This paper will dis­cuss progress in the check­out process of the ACM LLRF hard­ware lead­ing to LCLS-II com­mis­sion­ing.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA30
About •	Received ※ 16 July 2022 — Revised ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 October 2022
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MOPA33	Waker Experiments at Fermilab Recycler Ring	124
	O. Mohsen, R. Ainsworth, N. Eddy Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	At­tain­ing high-in­ten­sity hadron beams is often lim­ited due to the trans­verse col­lec­tive in­sta­bil­i­ties, whose un­der­stand­ing is thus re­quired to see and pos­si­bly ex­tend the in­ten­sity lim­i­ta­tions. To ex­plore such in­sta­bil­i­ties, a novel ar­ti­fi­cial wake sys­tem, the waker, has been built and tested at the Fer­mi­lab Re­cy­cler Ring (RR). In this re­port, we show re­cent up­grades of the waker. Also, we pre­sent ex­per­i­men­tal stud­ies of in­sta­bil­i­ties at var­i­ous space charge and wake pa­ra­me­ters.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA33
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 August 2022
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MOPA34	Noise in Intense Electron Bunches	128
	S. Nagaitsev, D.R. Broemmelsiek, J.D. Jarvis, A.H. Lumpkin, J. Ruan, G.W. Saewert, R.M. Thurman-Keup Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA Z. Huang, G. Stupakov SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA Y.K. Kim University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
	We re­port on our in­ves­ti­ga­tions into den­sity fluc­tu­a­tions in elec­tron bunches. Noise and den­sity fluc­tu­a­tions in rel­a­tivis­tic elec­tron bunches, ac­cel­er­ated in a linac, are of crit­i­cal im­por­tance to var­i­ous Co­her­ent Elec­tron Cool­ing (CEC) con­cepts as well as to free-elec­tron lasers (FELs). For CEC, the beam noise re­sults in ad­di­tional dif­fu­sion that coun­ter­acts cool­ing. In SASE FELs, a mi­crowave in­sta­bil­ity starts from the ini­tial noise in the beam and even­tu­ally leads to the beam mi­crobunch­ing yield­ing co­her­ent ra­di­a­tion, and the ini­tial noise in the FEL band­width plays a use­ful role. In seeded FELs, in con­trast, such noise in­ter­feres with the seed sig­nal, so that re­duc­ing noise at the ini­tial seed wave­length would lower the seed laser power re­quire­ment. Sta­tus of the pro­ject will be pre­sented.
	Poster MOPA34 [0.638 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA34
About •	Received ※ 10 August 2022 — Revised ※ 11 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 August 2022
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MOPA36	Optimization of Superconducting Linac for Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II)	132
	A. Pathak, E. Pozdeyev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	PIP-II is an es­sen­tial up­grade of the Fer­mi­lab com­plex that will en­able the world’s most in­tense high-en­ergy beam of neu­tri­nos for the in­ter­na­tional Deep Un­der­ground Neu­trino Ex­per­i­ment at LBNF and sup­port a broad physics pro­gram at Fer­mi­lab. Ul­ti­mately, the PIP-II su­per­con­duct­ing linac will be ca­pa­ble of ac­cel­er­at­ing the H− CW beam to 800 MeV with an av­er­age power of 1.6 MW. To op­er­ate the linac with such high power, beam losses and beam emit­tance growth must be tightly con­trolled. In this paper, we pre­sent the re­sults of global op­ti­miza­tion of the Linac op­tions to­wards a ro­bust and ef­fi­cient physics de­sign for the su­per­con­duct­ing sec­tion of the PIP-II linac. We also in­ves­ti­gate the im­pact of the non­lin­ear field of the di­pole cor­rec­tors on the beam qual­ity and de­rive the re­quire­ment on the field qual­ity using sta­tis­ti­cal analy­sis. Fi­nally, we as­sess the need to cor­rect the quadru­pole fo­cus­ing pro­duced by Half Wave, and Sin­gle Spoke ac­cel­er­at­ing cav­i­ties. We as­sess the fea­si­bil­ity of con­trol­ling the beam cou­pling in the ma­chine by chang­ing the po­lar­ity of the field of Linac fo­cus­ing so­le­noids
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA36
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 04 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 October 2022
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MOPA38	Accelerated Lifetime Test of the SRF Dressed Cavity/Tuner System for the LCLS II HE Project	136
	Y.M. Pischalnikov, T.T. Arkan, C. Contreras-Martinez, B.D. Hartsell, J.A. Kaluzny, Y.M. Orlov, R.V. Pilipenko, J.C. Yun Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA W. Lahmadi Wahid Lahmadi, Williston, USA
	The off-fre­quency de­tune method is being con­sid­ered for ap­pli­ca­tion in the LCLS-II-HE su­per­con­duct­ing linac to pro­duce multi-en­ergy elec­tron beams for sup­port­ing mul­ti­ple un­du­la­tor lines si­mul­ta­ne­ously. De­sign of the tuner has been changed to de­liver roughly 3 times larger fre­quency tun­ing range. Work­ing re­quire­ments for off-fre­quency op­er­a­tion (OFO) state that cav­i­ties be tuned at least twice a month. This spec­i­fi­ca­tion re­quires the in­crease of the tuner longevity by 30 times com­pared with LCLS-II de­mands. Ac­cel­er­ated longevity tests of the LCLS-II HE dressed cav­ity with tuner were con­ducted at FNAL’s HTS. De­tail analy­sis of wear­ing and im­pacts on per­for­mances of the tuner’s piezo and step­per motor ac­tu­a­tors will be pre­sented. Ad­di­tion­ally, re­sults of longevity test­ing of the dressed cav­ity bel­low, when cooled down to 2 K and com­pressed by 2.6 mm for roughly 2000 cy­cles, will be pre­sented.
	Poster MOPA38 [3.026 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA38
About •	Received ※ 29 July 2022 — Revised ※ 06 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 August 2022
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MOPA41	Diagnostics for LINAC Optimization with Machine Learning	139
	R.V. Sharankova, M.W. Mwaniki, K. Seiya, M.E. Wesley Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The Fer­mi­lab Linac de­liv­ers 400 MeV H− beam to the rest of the ac­cel­er­a­tor chain. Pro­vid­ing sta­ble in­ten­sity, en­ergy, and emit­tance is key since it di­rectly af­fects down­stream ma­chines. To op­er­ate high cur­rent beam, ac­cel­er­a­tors must min­i­mize un­con­trolled par­ti­cle loss; this is gen­er­ally ac­com­plished by min­i­miz­ing beam emit­tance. Am­bi­ent tem­per­a­ture and hu­mid­ity vari­a­tions are known to af­fect res­o­nance fre­quency of the ac­cel­er­at­ing cav­i­ties which in­duces emit­tance growth. In ad­di­tion, the en­ergy and phase space dis­tri­b­u­tion of par­ti­cles emerg­ing from the ion source are sub­ject to fluc­tu­a­tions. To counter these ef­fects we are work­ing on im­ple­ment­ing dy­namic lon­gi­tu­di­nal pa­ra­me­ter op­ti­miza­tion based on Ma­chine Learn­ing (ML). As an input for the ML model, sig­nals from beam di­ag­nos­tic have to be well un­der­stand and re­li­able. We have been re­vis­it­ing di­ag­nos­tics in the linac. In this pre­sen­ta­tion we dis­cuss the sta­tus of the di­ag­nos­tics and beam stud­ies as well as the sta­tus and plans for ML-based op­ti­miza­tion.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA41
About •	Received ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 September 2022
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MOPA42	Considerations Concerning the Use of HTS Conductor for Accelerator Dipoles with Inductions above 15 T	143
	M.A. Green LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the office of Science, under US Department of Energy contract number DE-AC-02-05CH11231. The use of high tem­per­a­ture su­per­con­duc­tors for ac­cel­er­a­tor di­pole has been dis­cussed for about twenty years and maybe a lit­tle more. Con­duc­tors that can po­ten­tially be used for ac­cel­er­a­tor mag­nets have been avail­able for about fif­teen years. These con­duc­tors are REBCO tape con­duc­tors, which can be wound into coils with no re­ac­tion after wind­ing, and BISSCO cable con­duc­tors, which re­quire re­ac­tion after wind­ing and in­su­la­tion after re­ac­tion in a process sim­i­lar to Nb3Sn ca­bles. Both con­duc­tors are ex­pen­sive and the process after re­act­ing is ex­pen­sive. Some un­known fac­tors that re­main: Will ei­ther con­duc­tor de­grade in cur­rent car­ry­ing ca­pac­ity with re­peated cy­cling like Nb3Sn ca­bles do? The other two is­sues are prob­lems for both types of HTS con­duc­tors and they are; 1) quench pro­tec­tion in the event of a nor­mal re­gion run-away and 2) deal­ing with the su­per­con­duct­ing mag­ne­ti­za­tion in­her­ent with HTS ca­bles and tapes. This paper will dis­cuss the last two is­sues and maybe will pro­vide a par­tial so­lu­tion to these prob­lems.
	Poster MOPA42 [1.498 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA42
About •	Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 August 2022
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MOPA43	Dee Voltage Regulator for the 88-Inch Cyclotron	147
	M. Kireeff, P. Bloemhard, T. Hassan, L. Phair LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 A new broad­band Dee volt­age reg­u­la­tor was de­signed and built for the 88-Inch Cy­clotron at Lawrence Berke­ley Na­tional Lab­o­ra­tory. The pre­vi­ous reg­u­la­tor was ob­so­lete, con­se­quently, it was dif­fi­cult to trou­bleshoot and re­pair. Ad­di­tion­ally, dur­ing op­er­a­tion, it dis­played prob­lems of dis­tor­tion and sta­bil­ity at cer­tain fre­quen­cies. The new reg­u­la­tor uses off-the-shelf com­po­nents that can de­tect and dis­able the RF dur­ing spark­ing events, pro­tect­ing the RF dri­ver sys­tem. Fur­ther­more, it im­proves the tun­ing of the cy­clotron and al­lows con­sis­tency in op­er­a­tion.
	Poster MOPA43 [1.032 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA43
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 04 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 September 2022
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MOPA44	Utilizing Python to Prepare the VENUS Ion Source for Machine Learning	151
	A. Kireeff, L. Phair, M.J. Regis, M. Salathe, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The fully su­per­con­duct­ing elec­tron cy­clotron res­o­nance (ECR) ion source VENUS is one of the world’s two high­est-per­form­ing ECR ion sources, and a copy of this source will soon be used to pro­duce ion beams at FRIB. The tun­ing and op­ti­miza­tion of ECR ion sources is time con­sum­ing, and there are few de­tailed the­o­ret­i­cal mod­els to guide this work. To aid in this process, we are work­ing to­ward uti­liz­ing ma­chine learn­ing to both ef­fi­ciently op­ti­mize VENUS and re­li­ably main­tain its sta­bil­ity for long cam­paigns. We have cre­ated a Python li­brary to in­ter­face with the pro­gram­ma­ble logic con­troller (PLC) in order to op­er­ate VENUS and col­lect and store source and beam data. We will dis­cuss the de­sign and safety con­sid­er­a­tions that went into cre­at­ing this li­brary, the im­ple­men­ta­tion of the li­brary, and some of the ca­pa­bil­i­ties it en­ables.
	Poster MOPA44 [0.862 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA44
About •	Received ※ 17 July 2022 — Revised ※ 27 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 August 2022
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MOPA45	Vacuum Electron Devices in the 88-Inch Cyclotron	154
	M. Kireeff Covo, J.Y. Benitez, P. Bloemhard, J.P. Garcia, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, D.S. Todd, D.Z. Xie LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 The 88-Inch Cy­clotron at Lawrence Berke­ley Na­tional Lab­o­ra­tory is a sec­tor-fo­cused cy­clotron that has light- and heavy-ion ca­pa­bil­i­ties and sup­ports a local re­search pro­gram in Nu­clear Sci­ence and is the home of the Berke­ley Ac­cel­er­a­tor Space Ef­fects Fa­cil­ity, which stud­ies ef­fects of ra­di­a­tion on mi­cro­elec­tron­ics, op­tics, ma­te­ri­als, and cells. The cy­clotron uti­lizes sev­eral vac­uum elec­tron de­vices (VEDs) in dif­fer­ent sys­tems, mainly to con­vey plasma heat­ing, high power RF gen­er­a­tion, and high-volt­age and cur­rent DC power gen­er­a­tion. VEDs have been proven re­li­able, ro­bust, and ra­di­a­tion re­sis­tant. They also have wide range, good re­sponse against tran­sients, and sta­ble op­er­a­tion with load mis­match dur­ing sys­tem tun­ing, in­sta­bil­i­ties, or break­downs. The paper will de­scribe ap­pli­ca­tions of these de­vices in the 88-Inch Cy­clotron
	Poster MOPA45 [1.434 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA45
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 September 2022
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MOPA46	Cryogenic Dielectric Structure with GΩ/m Level Shunt Impedance	157
	R.A. Kostin, C. Jing Euclid Beamlabs, Bolingbrook, USA
	Shunt im­ped­ance is one of the most im­por­tant pa­ra­me­ters char­ac­ter­iz­ing par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tion ef­fi­ciency. It is known that RF losses are re­duced at cryo­genic tem­per­a­tures. For ex­am­ple, a record high shunt im­ped­ance of 350 MΩ/m was demon­strated re­cently for all metal X-band ac­cel­er­at­ing struc­ture, which is more than 2 times higher than that at room tem­per­a­ture. In this ar­ti­cle we pre­sent a novel hy­brid di­elec­tric struc­ture which can achieve even higher shunt im­ped­ance due to the fact that losses in di­elec­tric ma­te­ri­als re­duced much more than in pure cop­per.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA46
About •	Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 September 2022
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MOPA50	Integrated Photonics Structure Cathodes for Longitudinally Shaped Bunch Trains	160
	S.J. Coleman, D.T. Abell, C.C. Hall RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA R. Kapadia University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA S.S. Karkare Arizona State University, Tempe, USA S.Y. Kim, P. Piot, J.F. Power ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DOE DE-SC0021681 Com­pact, high-gra­di­ent struc­ture wake­field ac­cel­er­a­tors can op­er­ate at im­proved ef­fi­ciency using shaped elec­tron beams, such as a high trans­former ratio beam shape, to drive the wakes. These shapes have gen­er­ally come from a pho­to­cath­ode gun fol­lowed by a trans­verse mask to im­print a de­sired shape on the trans­verse dis­tri­b­u­tion, and then an emit­tance ex­changer (EEX) to con­vert that trans­verse shape into a lon­gi­tu­di­nal dis­tri­b­u­tion. This process dis­cards some large frac­tion of the beam, lim­it­ing wall-plug ef­fi­ciency as well as leav­ing a solid ob­ject in the path of the beam. In this paper, we pre­sent a pro­posed method of using in­te­grated pho­ton­ics struc­tures to con­trol the emis­sion pat­tern on the cath­ode sur­face. This trans­verse pat­tern is then con­verted into a lon­gi­tu­di­nal pat­tern at the end of an EEX. This re­moves the need for the mask, pre­serv­ing the total charge pro­duced at the cath­ode sur­face. We pre­sent sim­u­la­tions of an ex­per­i­men­tal set-up to demon­strate this con­cept at the Ar­gonne Wake­field Ac­cel­er­a­tor.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA50
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 October 2022
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MOPA55	Facilitating Machine Learning Collaborations Between Labs, Universities, and Industry	164
	J.P. Edelen, D.T. Abell, D.L. Bruhwiler, S.J. Coleman, N.M. Cook, A. Diaw, J.A. Einstein-Curtis, C.C. Hall, M.C. Kilpatrick, B. Nash, I.V. Pogorelov RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA K.A. Brown BNL, Upton, New York, USA S. Calder ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA A.L. Edelen, B.D. O’Shea, R.J. Roussel SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA C.M. Hoffmann ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA E.-C. Huang LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA C. Tennant JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	It is clear from nu­mer­ous re­cent com­mu­nity re­ports, pa­pers, and pro­pos­als that ma­chine learn­ing is of tremen­dous in­ter­est for par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tor ap­pli­ca­tions. The quickly evolv­ing land­scape con­tin­ues to grow in both the breadth and depth of ap­pli­ca­tions in­clud­ing physics mod­el­ing, anom­aly de­tec­tion, con­trols, di­ag­nos­tics, and analy­sis. Con­se­quently, lab­o­ra­to­ries, uni­ver­si­ties, and com­pa­nies across the globe have es­tab­lished ded­i­cated ma­chine learn­ing (ML) and data-sci­ence ef­forts aim­ing to make use of these new state-of-the-art tools. The cur­rent fund­ing en­vi­ron­ment in the U.S. is struc­tured in a way that sup­ports spe­cific ap­pli­ca­tion spaces rather than larger col­lab­o­ra­tion on com­mu­nity soft­ware. Here, we dis­cuss the ex­ist­ing col­lab­o­ra­tion bot­tle­necks and how a shift in the fund­ing en­vi­ron­ment, and how we de­velop col­lab­o­ra­tive tools, can help fuel the next wave of ML ad­vance­ments for par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tors.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA55
About •	Received ※ 10 August 2022 — Revised ※ 11 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 September 2022
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MOPA57	Online Models for X-Ray Beamlines	170
	B. Nash, D.T. Abell, M.V. Keilman, P. Moeller, I.V. Pogorelov RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA Y. Du, A. Giles, J. Lynch, T. Morris, M.S. Rakitin, A. Walter BNL, Upton, New York, USA N.B. Goldring STATE33 Inc., Portland, Oregon, USA
	Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Science, under Award Number DE-SC0020593 X-ray beam­lines trans­port syn­chro­tron ra­di­a­tion from the mag­netic source to the sam­ple at a syn­chro­tron light source. Align­ment of el­e­ments such as mir­rors and grat­ings are often done man­u­ally and can be quite time con­sum­ing. The use of pho­ton beam mod­els dur­ing op­er­a­tions is not com­mon in the same way that they are used to great ben­e­fit for par­ti­cle beams in ac­cel­er­a­tors. Lin­ear and non-lin­ear op­tics in­clud­ing the ef­fects of co­her­ence may be com­puted from source prop­er­ties and aug­mented with mea­sure­ments. In col­lab­o­ra­tion with NSLS-II, we are de­vel­op­ing soft­ware tools and meth­ods to in­clude the model of the x-ray beam as it passes on its way to the sam­ple. We are in­te­grat­ing the Blue-Sky beam­line con­trol toolkit with the Sirepo in­ter­face to sev­eral x-ray op­tics codes. Fur­ther, we are de­vel­op­ing a sim­pli­fied lin­ear op­tics ap­proach based on a Gauss-Schell model and lin­ear canon­i­cal trans­forms as well as de­vel­op­ing Ma­chine Learn­ing mod­els for use di­rectly from di­ag­nos­tics data. We pre­sent progress on ap­ply­ing these ideas on NSLS-II beam­lines and give a fu­ture out­look on this rather large and open do­main for tech­no­log­i­cal de­vel­op­ment.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA57
About •	Received ※ 27 July 2022 — Revised ※ 02 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 August 2022
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MOPA59	Prediction of Gaseous Breakdown for Plasma Cleaning of RF Cavities	174
	S.A. Ahmed Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, USA
	The quest for a high ac­cel­er­at­ing gra­di­ent in su­per­con­duct­ing radio fre­quency cav­ity at­tracted sci­en­tists to adopt the plasma clean­ing tech­nol­ogy. Gen­er­at­ing an ef­fi­cient plasma in­side a com­plex cav­ity struc­ture for a de­sired fre­quency, gas types, and pres­sure for a given tem­per­a­ture is a chal­lenge. The onset of dis­charge can be ob­tained from the well-known Paschen curve. Set­ting up an ex­per­i­ment is ex­pen­sive and time-con­sum­ing, which may lead to a sig­nif­i­cant delay in the pro­ject. A high-fi­delity com­puter sim­u­la­tion, mod­el­ing an ar­bi­trary geom­e­try and track­ing the Paschen curve in a com­plex elec­tro­mag­netic en­vi­ron­ment is there­fore nec­es­sary. Ansys HFSS through its Fi­nite El­e­ment Mesh (FEM) for the full-wave EM sim­u­la­tions com­bined with the elec­tron im­pact ion­iza­tion of gases en­ables the suc­cess­ful pre­dic­tion of plasma break­down for an ar­bi­trary con­fig­u­ra­tion for a wide fre­quency band and va­ri­ety of gases. A com­pre­hen­sive study will be demon­strated at the con­fer­ence. The author like to thank Robert Chao for the valuable discussions and his efforts in developing this capability in the Ansys Electronics Desktop.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA59
About •	Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 03 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 August 2022
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MOPA60	HFSS Enables Multipaction Analysis of High Power RF/Microwave Components	176
	S.A. Ahmed Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, USA
	The ra­diofre­quency (RF) com­po­nents in par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tors op­er­ated under a vac­uum and dri­ven by high RF power may be prone to elec­tron mul­ti­paction ’ an RF trig­gered elec­tron res­o­nance phe­nom­e­non caus­ing mal­func­tion or com­plete break­down. There­fore, ex­plor­ing the de­sign chal­lenges of vac­uum RF win­dows, cav­i­ties, and other de­vices for the elec­tron mul­ti­paction be­comes nec­es­sary. Set­ting up an ex­per­i­ment to mit­i­gate the fail­ure of RF de­vices is ex­pen­sive and time-con­sum­ing, which may cause a sig­nif­i­cant delay in the pro­ject. There­fore, a high-fi­delity com­puter sim­u­la­tion mod­el­ing the ar­bi­trary geom­e­try and track­ing the par­ti­cles (elec­trons) in a com­plex elec­tro­mag­netic en­vi­ron­ment is de­sir­able. Ansys HFSS through Fi­nite El­e­ment Mesh (FEM) for the full-wave RF sim­u­la­tion com­bined with the par­ti­cle-in-cell (PIC) tech­nique for track­ing par­ti­cles in EM fields; en­ables the en­gi­neers/physi­cist suc­cess­ful pre­dic­tion of sys­tem fail­ure against the elec­tron mul­ti­paction. This paper will demon­strate the work­flow of the HFSS mul­ti­paction analy­sis. The author like to thank Robert Chao for the valuable discussions and his efforts in developing this capability in the Ansys Electronics Desktop.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA60
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 13 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 October 2022
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MOPA61	Modular Solid-State Switching and Arc Suppression for Vacuum Tube Bias Circuits	179
	E.L. Atkinson, T.J. Houlahan, B.E. Jurczyk, R.A. Stubbers Starfire Industries LLC, Champaign, USA
	In this work, we pre­sent op­er­a­tional and per­for­mance data for a solid-state switch­ing cir­cuit that de­liv­ers pulsed power at up to 12 kV and 100 A. This cir­cuit, which is com­prised of a se­ries con­fig­u­ra­tion of IGBT-based sub­cir­cuits, is suit­able for dri­ving the high-power vac­uum-tube am­pli­fiers that are typ­i­cally used in RF ac­cel­er­a­tor sys­tems. Each sub­cir­cuit can switch up to 3 kV, and the sub­cir­cuits can be stacked in se­ries to ex­tend the over­all volt­age ca­pa­bil­i­ties of the switch. The cir­cuit is de­signed to pre­vent over­volt­ag­ing any sin­gle tran­sis­tor dur­ing switch­ing tran­sients or faults, re­gard­less of the num­ber of se­ries sub­cir­cuits. Fur­ther, the cir­cuit also in­cludes the ca­pa­bil­ity for rapid arc de­tec­tion and sup­pres­sion. Test­ing has shown ef­fec­tive switch­ing at up to 100 A at 12 kV and for pulse rep­e­ti­tion fre­quen­cies and du­ra­tions in the range of 1-200 Hz and 10-50 µs, re­spec­tively. Ad­di­tion­ally, the arc sup­pres­sion cir­cuitry has been shown to re­li­ably limit arcs at 8-12 kV with a quench time of <1 µs and with a total en­ergy of <0.2 J, min­i­miz­ing the grid ero­sion in the vac­uum-tube dur­ing an arc.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA61
About •	Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 20 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 September 2022
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MOPA62	High Quality Conformal Coatings on Accelerator Components via Novel Radial Magnetron with High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering	182
	W.M. Huber, I. Haehnlein, T.J. Houlahan, B.E. Jurczyk, A.S. Morrice, R.A. Stubbers Starfire Industries LLC, Champaign, USA
	Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Award Numbers DE-SC0019784 and DE-SC0020481. In this work, we pre­sent two con­fig­u­ra­tions of a novel ra­dial mag­netron de­sign that are suit­able for coat­ing the com­plex inner sur­faces of a va­ri­ety of mod­ern par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tor com­po­nents. These de­vices have been used in con­junc­tion with high-power im­pulse mag­netron sput­ter­ing (HiP­IMS) to de­posit cop­per and nio­bium films onto the inner sur­faces of bel­lows as­sem­blies, wave­guides, and SRF cav­i­ties. These films, with thick­nesses of up to 3 µm and 40 µm for nio­bium and cop­per, re­spec­tively, have been shown to be con­for­mal, ad­her­ent, and con­duc­tive. In the case of cop­per, the post-bake RRR val­ues of the re­sult­ing films are well within the range spec­i­fied for elec­tro­plat­ing of the LCLS-II bel­lows and CEBAF wave­guide as­sem­blies. In ad­di­tion to re­quir­ing no chem­i­cal pro­cess­ing be­yond a de­ter­gent rinse and sol­vent de­grease, this mag­netron de­sign ex­hibits over 80% tar­get ma­te­r­ial uti­liza­tion. Fur­ther, in the case of nio­bium, an en­hance­ment in RRR over that of the bulk (tar­get) ma­te­r­ial has been ob­served.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA62
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 August 2022
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MOPA63	Multiphysics Simulation of the Thermal Response of a Nanofibrous Target in a High-Intensity Beam	185
	W.J. Asztalos IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA S.K. Bidhar, F. Pellemoine Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA P. Rath IIT Bhubaneswar, Jatni, India Y. Torun Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illlinois, USA
	Nanofi­brous struc­tures are of high in­ter­est to the fields of en­gi­neer­ing and ma­te­ri­als sci­ence, and in­ves­ti­ga­tion of their prop­er­ties as well as dis­cov­ery of novel ap­pli­ca­tions for them both con­sti­tute lively areas of re­search. A very promis­ing ap­pli­ca­tion of nanofiber mats lies in the field of ac­cel­er­a­tor tech­nol­ogy: beam tar­gets made from nanofiber mats offer a so­lu­tion to the prob­lem of ad­vanc­ing the "in­ten­sity fron­tier"–-the limit on the beam in­ten­si­ties that can be re­al­ized in fixed tar­get ex­per­i­ments and neu­trino pro­duc­tion fa­cil­i­ties. How­ever, test­ing has shown that the sur­viv­abil­ity of these nanofiber tar­gets de­pends strongly on their man­u­fac­tur­ing pa­ra­me­ters, such as the pack­ing den­sity of fibers. In this work, we will use mul­ti­physics sim­u­la­tions to per­form a ther­mal study on how nanofiber tar­gets react to high in­ten­sity beams, so that the de­pen­dency of the tar­gets’ life­time on their con­struc­tion pa­ra­me­ters can be bet­ter un­der­stood.
	Poster MOPA63 [3.656 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA63
About •	Received ※ 14 July 2022 — Revised ※ 02 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 August 2022
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MOPA64	Circular Modes for Mitigating Space-Charge Effects and Enabling Flat Beams	189
	O. Gilanliogullari IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA B. Mustaphapresenter ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA P. Snopok Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illlinois, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 Flat beams are pre­ferred in high-in­ten­sity ac­cel­er­a­tors and high-en­ergy col­lid­ers due to one of the trans­verse plane emit­tances being smaller, which en­hances lu­mi­nos­ity and beam bright­ness. How­ever, flat beams are dev­as­tat­ing at low en­er­gies due to space charge forces which are sig­nif­i­cantly en­hanced in one plane. The same is true, al­though to a lesser de­gree, for non-sym­met­ric el­lip­ti­cal beams. In order to mit­i­gate this ef­fect, cir­cu­lar mode beam op­tics can be used. In this paper, we show that cir­cu­lar mode beams di­lute space charge ef­fects at lower en­er­gies, and can be trans­formed to flat beams later on.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA64
About •	Received ※ 09 August 2022 — Revised ※ 11 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 August 2022
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MOPA66	Hadron Monitor Calibration System for NuMI	193
	N.L. Muldrow IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA P. Snopok Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illlinois, USA K. Yonehara Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: CAST Fellowship NuMI (Neu­tri­nos at Main In­jec­tor) beam­line at Fermi Na­tional Ac­cel­er­a­tor Lab­o­ra­tory pro­vides neu­tri­nos to var­i­ous neu­trino ex­per­i­ments. The hadron mon­i­tor con­sist­ing of a 5 by 5 array of ion­iza­tion cham­bers is part of the di­ag­nos­tics for the beam­line. In order to cal­i­brate the hadron mon­i­tor, a gamma source is needed. We pre­sent the sta­tus and progress of the de­vel­op­ment of the cal­i­bra­tion sys­tem for the hadron mon­i­tor. The sys­tem based on Rasp­berry Pi con­trolled CNC sys­tem, mo­tors, and po­si­tion sen­sors would allow us to place the gamma source pre­cisely to cal­i­brate the sig­nal gain of in­di­vid­ual pix­els. The ul­ti­mate out­come of the study is a pro­to­type of the cal­i­bra­tion sys­tem.
	Poster MOPA66 [2.300 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA66
About •	Received ※ 18 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
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MOPA67	Examining the Effects of Oxygen Doping on SRF Cavity Performance	196
	H. Hu, Y.K. Kim University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA D. Bafia Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Su­per­con­duct­ing ra­diofre­quency (SRF) cav­i­ties are res­onators with ex­tremely low sur­face re­sis­tance that en­able ac­cel­er­at­ing cav­i­ties to have ex­tremely high qual­ity fac­tors (Q0). High (Q0) de­creases the cap­i­tal re­quired to keep ac­cel­er­a­tors cold by re­duc­ing power loss. The per­for­mance of SRF cav­i­ties is largely gov­erned by the sur­face com­po­si­tion of the first 100 nm of the cav­ity sur­face. Im­pu­ri­ties such as oxy­gen and ni­tro­gen have been ob­served to yield high Q0, but their pre­cise roles are still being stud­ied. Here, we com­pare the per­for­mance of cav­i­ties doped with ni­tro­gen and oxy­gen in terms of fun­da­men­tal ma­te­r­ial prop­er­ties to un­der­stand how these im­pu­ri­ties af­fect per­for­mance. This en­ables us to have fur­ther in­sight into the un­der­ly­ing mech­a­nisms that en­able these sur­face treat­ments to yield high Q0 per­for­mance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA67
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 October 2022
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MOPA69	Adjoint Optimization Applied to Flat to Round Transformers	199
	T.M. Antonsen, B.L. Beaudoin, S. Bernal, L. Dovlatyan, I. Haber, P.G. O’Shea, D.F. Sutter UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by DOE-HEP Awards No. DESC0010301 and DESC0022009 We pre­sent the nu­mer­i­cal op­ti­miza­tion, using ad­joint tech­niques, of Flat-to-Round (FTR) trans­form­ers op­er­at­ing in the strong self-field limit. FTRs trans­form an un­mag­ne­tized beam that has a high as­pect ratio, el­lip­ti­cal spa­tial cross sec­tion, to a round beam in a so­le­noidal mag­netic field. In its sim­plest form the flat to round con­ver­sion is ac­com­plished with a triplet of quadrupoles, and a so­le­noid. FTR trans­form­ers have mul­ti­ple ap­pli­ca­tions in beam physics re­search, in­clud­ing ma­nip­u­lat­ing elec­tron beams to cool co-prop­a­gat­ing hadron beams. Pa­ra­me­ters that can be var­ied to op­ti­mize the FTR con­ver­sion are the po­si­tions and strengths of the four mag­net el­e­ments, in­clud­ing the ori­en­ta­tions and axial pro­files of the quadrupoles and the axial pro­file and strength of the so­le­noid’s mag­netic field. The ad­joint method we em­ploy [1] al­lows for op­ti­miza­tion of the lat­tice with a min­i­mum com­pu­ta­tional ef­fort in­clud­ing self-fields. The pre­sent model is based on a mo­ment de­scrip­tion of the beam. How­ever, the gen­er­al­iza­tion to a par­ti­cle de­scrip­tion will be pre­sented. The op­ti­mized de­signs pre­sented here will be tested in ex­per­i­ments under con­struc­tion at the Uni­ver­sity of Mary­land. [1] Optimization of Flat to Round Transformers with self-fields using adjoint techniques, L. Dovlatyan, B. Beaudoin, S. Bernal, I. Haber, D. Sutter and TMA, PhysRevAccelBeams.25.044002 (2022).
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA69
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 25 September 2022 — Accepted ※ 05 December 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 December 2022
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MOPA70	Film Dosimetry Characterization of the Research Linac at the University of Maryland	203
	A.S. Johnson, L.T. Gilde, M.K. Hottinger, T.W. Koeth UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
	A heav­ily mod­i­fied Var­ian linac was in­stalled as part of the Uni­ver­sity of Mary­land Ra­di­a­tion Fa­cil­i­ties in the early 1980s. The elec­tron linac was ini­tially used for ma­te­ri­als test­ing and pulsed ra­di­ol­y­sis. Over­time, di­ag­nos­tics such as a spec­trom­e­ter mag­net and scin­til­la­tor screens have been re­moved, lim­it­ing the abil­ity to de­scribe the elec­tron beam. The beam­line is cur­rently con­fig­ured with a thin ti­ta­nium win­dow to allow the elec­trons to es­cape the vac­uum re­gion and in­ter­act with sam­ples in air. A cal­i­brated film dosime­try sys­tem was used to char­ac­ter­ize the trans­verse beam di­men­sions and uni­for­mity in air. The re­sults of these ex­per­i­men­tal mea­sure­ments will be de­scribed in this paper.
	Poster MOPA70 [3.423 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA70
About •	Received ※ 27 July 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 August 2022
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MOPA72	Preliminary Tests and Beam Dynamics Simulations of a Straight-Merger Beamline	206
	A.A. Al Marzouk, P. Piot, T. Xu Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA S.V. Benson, K.E. Deitrick, J. Guo, A. Hutton, G.-T. Park, S. Wang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA D.S. Doran, G. Ha, P. Piot, J.G. Power, C. Whiteford, E.E. Wisniewski ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA C.E. Mitchell, J. Qiang, R.D. Ryne LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: NSF award PHY-1549132 to Cornell University and NIU, U.S. DOE contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 with ANL and DE-AC05-06OR23177 with JLAB. Beam­lines ca­pa­ble of merg­ing beams with dif­fer­ent en­er­gies are crit­i­cal to many ap­pli­ca­tions re­lated to ad­vanced ac­cel­er­a­tor con­cepts and en­ergy-re­cov­ery linacs (ERLs). In an ERL, a low-en­ergy "fresh" bright bunch is gen­er­ally in­jected into a su­per­con­duct­ing linac for ac­cel­er­a­tion using the fields es­tab­lished by a de­cel­er­ated "spent" beam trav­el­ing on the same axis. A straight-merger sys­tem com­posed of a se­lect­ing cav­ity with a su­per­im­posed di­pole mag­net was pro­posed and re­cently test at AWA. This paper re­ports on the ex­per­i­men­tal re­sults ob­tained so far along with de­tailed beam dy­nam­ics in­ves­ti­ga­tions of the merger con­cept and its abil­ity to con­serve the beam bright­ness as­so­ci­ated with the fresh bunch.
	Poster MOPA72 [1.659 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA72
About •	Received ※ 11 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 October 2022
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MOPA74	Design of a W-Band Corrugated Waveguide for Structure Wakefield Acceleration	210
	B. Leung, X. Lu, C.L. Phillips, P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA D.S. Doran, X. Lu, P. Piot, J.G. Power ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Cur­rent re­search on struc­ture wake­field ac­cel­er­a­tion aims to de­velop ra­dio-fre­quency struc­tures that can pro­duce high gra­di­ents, with work in the sub-ter­a­hertz regime being par­tic­u­larly in­ter­est­ing be­cause of the po­ten­tial to cre­ate more com­pact and eco­nom­i­cal ac­cel­er­a­tors. Metal­lic cor­ru­gated wave­guides at sub-ter­a­hertz fre­quen­cies are one such struc­ture. We have de­signed a W-band cor­ru­gated wave­guide for a collinear wake­field ac­cel­er­a­tion ex­per­i­ment at the Ar­gonne Wake­field Ac­cel­er­a­tor (AWA). Using the CST Stu­dio Suite, we have op­ti­mized the struc­ture for the max­i­mum achiev­able gra­di­ent in the wake­field from a nom­i­nal AWA elec­tron bunch at 65 MeV. Sim­u­la­tion re­sults from dif­fer­ent solvers of CST were bench­marked with each other, with an­a­lyt­i­cal mod­els, and with an­other sim­u­la­tion code, ECHO. We are in­ves­ti­gat­ing the me­chan­i­cal de­sign, suit­able fab­ri­ca­tion tech­nolo­gies, and the pos­si­bil­ity to apply ad­vanced bunch shap­ing tech­niques to im­prove the struc­ture per­for­mance.
	Poster MOPA74 [1.518 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA74
About •	Received ※ 30 July 2022 — Revised ※ 03 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 August 2022
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MOPA75	Machine Learning for Slow Spill Regulation in the Fermilab Delivery Ring for Mu2e	214
	A. Narayanan Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA J.M.S. Arnold, M.R. Austin, J.R. Berlioz, P.M. Hanlet, K.J. Hazelwood, M.A. Ibrahim, V.P. Nagaslaev, D.J. Nicklaus, G. Pradhan, P.S. Prieto, A.L. Saewert, B.A. Schupbach, K. Seiya, R.M. Thurman-Keup, N.V. Tran Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA J. Jiang, H. Liu, S. Memik, R. Shi, M. Thieme, D. Ulusel Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Work done partly (READS) collaboration at Fermilab (Grant Award No. LAB 20-2261). Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. A third-in­te­ger res­o­nant slow ex­trac­tion sys­tem is being de­vel­oped for the Fer­mi­lab’s De­liv­ery Ring to de­liver pro­tons to the Mu2e ex­per­i­ment. Dur­ing a slow ex­trac­tion process, the beam on tar­get is li­able to ex­pe­ri­ence small in­ten­sity vari­a­tions due to many fac­tors. Owing to the ex­per­i­ment’s strict re­quire­ments in the qual­ity of the spill, a Spill Reg­u­la­tion Sys­tem (SRS) is cur­rently under de­sign. The SRS pri­mar­ily con­sists of three com­po­nents - slow reg­u­la­tion, fast reg­u­la­tion, and har­monic con­tent tracker. In this pre­sen­ta­tion, we shall pre­sent the in­ves­ti­ga­tions of using Ma­chine Learn­ing (ML) in the fast reg­u­la­tion sys­tem, in­clud­ing fur­ther op­ti­miza­tions of PID con­troller gains for the fast reg­u­la­tion, prospects of an ML agent com­pletely re­plac­ing the PID con­troller using su­per­vised learn­ing schemes such as Long Short-Term Mem­ory (LSTM) and Gated Re­cur­rent Unit (GRU) ML mod­els, the sim­u­lated im­pact and lim­i­ta­tion of ma­chine re­sponse char­ac­ter­is­tics on the ef­fec­tive­ness of both PID and ML reg­u­la­tion of the spill. We also pre­sent here nascent re­sults of Re­in­force­ment Learn­ing ef­forts, in­clud­ing con­tin­u­ous-ac­tion soft ac­tor-critic meth­ods, to reg­u­late the spill rate.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA75
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 08 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 October 2022
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MOPA76	Wakefield Modeling in Sub-THz Dielectric-Lined Waveguides	218
	C.L. Phillips, B. Leung, X. Lu, P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
	Di­elec­tric-lined wave­guides have been ex­ten­sively stud­ied to po­ten­tially sup­port high-gra­di­ent ac­cel­er­a­tion in beam-dri­ven di­elec­tric wake­field ac­cel­er­a­tion (DWFA) and for beam ma­nip­u­la­tions. In this paper, we in­ves­ti­gate the wake­field gen­er­ated by a rel­a­tivis­tic bunch pass­ing through a di­elec­tric wave­guide with dif­fer­ent trans­verse sec­tions. We specif­i­cally con­sider the case of a struc­ture con­sist­ing of two di­elec­tric slabs, along with rec­tan­gu­lar and square struc­tures. Nu­mer­i­cal sim­u­la­tions per­formed with the fine-dif­fer­ence time-do­main of the WarpX pro­gram re­veal some in­ter­est­ing fea­tures of the trans­verse wake and a pos­si­ble ex­per­i­ment at the Ar­gonne Wake­field Ac­cel­er­a­tor (AWA) is pro­posed.
	Poster MOPA76 [1.294 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA76
About •	Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 September 2022
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MOPA78	Temporally-Shaped Ultraviolet Pulses for Tailored Bunch Generation at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator	222
	T. Xu, P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA S. Carbajo UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA S. Carbajo, R.A. Lemons SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA P. Piot ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Pho­to­cath­ode laser shap­ing is an ap­peal­ing tech­nique to gen­er­ate tai­lored elec­tron bunches due to its ver­sa­til­ity and sim­plic­ity. Most pho­to­cath­odes re­quire pho­ton en­er­gies ex­ceed­ing the nom­i­nal pho­ton en­ergy pro­duced by the las­ing medium. A com­mon setup con­sists of an in­frared (IR) laser sys­tem with non­lin­ear fre­quency con­ver­sion to the ul­tra­vi­o­let (UV). In this work, we pre­sent the nu­mer­i­cal mod­el­ing of a tem­po­ral shap­ing tech­nique ca­pa­ble of pro­duc­ing elec­tron bunches with lin­early-ramped cur­rent pro­files for ap­pli­ca­tion to collinear wake­field ac­cel­er­a­tors. Specif­i­cally, we show that con­trol­ling higher-or­der dis­per­sion terms as­so­ci­ated with the IR pulse pro­vides some con­trol over the UV tem­po­ral shape. Beam dy­nam­ics sim­u­la­tion of an elec­tron-bunch shap­ing ex­per­i­ment at the Ar­gonne Wake­field Ac­cel­er­a­tor is pre­sented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA78
About •	Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 06 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 31 August 2022
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MOPA79	Studying the Emission Characteristics of Field Emission Cathodes with Various Geometries	226
	M.R. Howard, S.M. Lidia FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA J.E. Coleman LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the NNSA of US DOE under contract 89233218CNA000001 and partially supported by the US DOE under Cooperative Agreement award number DE-SC0018362 and Michigan State University. The cath­ode test stand (CTS) at LANL is de­signed to hold off volt­ages of up to 500kV and can sup­ply pulse du­ra­tions up to 2.6 μs. Using this test stand, we are able to test both field emis­sion and pho­to­cath­odes with dif­fer­ent geome­tries and ma­te­ri­als at var­i­ous pulse lengths and PFN volt­ages. Cur­rently, the test stand is used to eval­u­ate field emis­sion using a vel­vet cath­ode over var­i­ous pulse lengths. The CTS em­ploys var­i­ous di­ag­nos­tic tools, in­clud­ing E-dots, B-dots, and a scin­til­la­tor cou­pled with a pep­per­pot mask in order to mea­sure the ex­tracted volt­age, cur­rent, beam dis­tri­b­u­tion, and trans­verse emit­tance. Xenos [1] has been used to cre­ate and sim­u­late diode geome­tries that per­mits study to op­ti­mize var­i­ous beam pa­ra­me­ters. These geome­tries in­clude chang­ing the size and re­cess of the cath­ode as well as im­ple­ment­ing a Pierce geom­e­try. Here, we will dis­cuss com­par­isons for var­i­ous sim­u­lated cath­odes and how changes in geom­e­try im­pact given beam pa­ra­me­ters. [1] See https://www.fieldp.com/xenos.html for information about the Xenos software.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA79
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 10 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 August 2022
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MOPA80	Design Study for Non-Intercepting Gas-Sheet Profile Monitor at FRIB	229
	A. Lokey, S.M. Lidia FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, High Energy Physics under Cooperative Agreement award number DE-SC0018362 and Michigan State University. Non-in­va­sive pro­file mon­i­tors offer a sig­nif­i­cant ad­van­tage for con­tin­u­ous, on­line mon­i­tor­ing of trans­verse beam pro­file and tun­ing of beam pa­ra­me­ters dur­ing op­er­a­tion. This is due to both the non-de­struc­tive na­ture of the mea­sure­ment and the unique fea­ture that some mon­i­tors have of being able to de­ter­mine both trans­verse pro­files in one mea­sure­ment [1]. One method of in­ter­est for mak­ing this mea­sure­ment is the use of a thin gas cur­tain, which in­ter­cepts the beam and gen­er­ates both ions and pho­tons, which can be col­lected at a de­tec­tor sit­u­ated per­pen­dic­u­lar to the gas sheet. This study will in­ves­ti­gate the re­quire­ments for de­vel­op­ing such a mea­sure­ment de­vice for use at the Fa­cil­ity for Rare Iso­tope Beams (FRIB), which pro­duces high-in­ten­sity, multi charge state, heavy ion beams. In­cluded will be an ini­tial de­sign spec­i­fi­ca­tions and an analy­sis of al­ter­na­tives be­tween ion­iza­tion and beam-in­duced flu­o­res­cence mea­sure­ment tech­niques for ac­quir­ing sig­nal from the gas sheet. [1] I. Yamada, M. Wada, K. Moriya, et al, "High-intensity beam profile measurement using a gas sheet monitor by beam induced fluorescence detection," Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 24, 042801, 2021.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA80
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 06 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 September 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 October 2022
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MOPA81	Study of Nonlinear Dynamics in the 4-D Hénon Map Using the Square Matrix Method and Iterative Methods	232
	K.J. Anderson, Y. Hao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA L.H. Yu BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Accelerator Stewardship program under award number DE-SC0019403 US Department of Energy, Office of Science, High Energy Physics under award number DE-SC0018362 and Michigan State University The Hénon Map rep­re­sents a lin­ear lat­tice with a sin­gle sex­tu­pole kick. This map has been ex­ten­sively stud­ied due to its chaotic be­hav­ior. The case for the two di­men­sional phase space has re­cently been re­vis­ited using ideas from KAM the­ory to cre­ate an it­er­a­tive process that trans­forms non­lin­ear per­turbed tra­jec­to­ries into rigid ro­ta­tions*. The con­ver­gence of this method re­lates to the res­o­nance struc­ture and can be used as an in­di­ca­tor of the dy­namic aper­ture. The stud­ies of this method have been ex­tended to the four di­men­sional phase space case which in­tro­duces cou­pling be­tween the trans­verse co­or­di­nates. *Hao, Y., Anderson, K., & Yu, L. H. (2021, August). Revisit of Nonlinear Dynamics in Hénon Map Using Square Matrix Method. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB016
	Poster MOPA81 [3.103 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA81
About •	Received ※ 19 July 2022 — Revised ※ 04 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 August 2022
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MOPA82	Space Charge Driven Third Order Resonance at AGS Injection	236
	M.A. Balcewicz, Y. Hao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Y. Hao, H. Huang, C. Liu, K. Zeno BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy Res­o­nance line cross­ings at sig­nif­i­cant space charge tune shifts can ex­hibit var­i­ous phe­nom­ena due to pe­ri­odic res­o­nance cross­ing from syn­chro­tron mo­tion* and man­i­fests as halo gen­er­a­tion and bunch short­en­ing along with the more mun­dane emit­tance growth and beam loss. An in­jec­tion ex­per­i­ment is con­ducted at the AGS using the fast wall cur­rent mon­i­tor and elec­tron col­lect­ing Ion­iza­tion Pro­file Mon­i­tor (eIPM) to probe third order res­o­nances to bet­ter char­ac­ter­ize the res­o­nance cross­ing over a 4 ms time scale. This ex­per­i­ment shows some agree­ment with pre­vi­ous ex­per­i­ments, save for lack of bunch short­en­ing, pos­si­bly due to rel­a­tive res­o­nance strength. * G. Franchetti et al. PRSTAB 13, 114203. 2010
	Poster MOPA82 [1.924 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA82
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 August 2022
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MOPA83	Automation of Superconducting Cavity and Superconducting Magnet Operation for FRIB	239
	W. Chang, Y. Choi, X.-J. Du, W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, T. Konomi, S.R. Kunjir, H. Nguyen, J.T. Popielarski, K. Saito, T. Xu, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	The su­per­con­duct­ing (SC) dri­ver linac for the Fa­cil­ity for Rare Iso­tope Beams (FRIB) is a heavy-ion ac­cel­er­a­tor that ac­cel­er­ate ions to 200 MeV per nu­cleon. The linac has 46 cry­omod­ules that con­tain 324 SC cav­i­ties and 69 SC so­le­noid pack­ages. For linac op­er­a­tion with high avail­abil­ity and high re­li­a­bil­ity, au­toma­tion is es­sen­tial for such tasks as fast de­vice turn-on/off, fast re­cov­ery from trips, and real-time mon­i­tor­ing of op­er­a­tional per­for­mance. We have im­ple­mented sev­eral au­toma­tion al­go­rithms, in­clud­ing one-but­ton turn-on/off of SC cav­i­ties and SC mag­nets; au­to­mated de­gauss­ing of SC so­le­noids; mit­i­ga­tion of field emis­sion-in­duced mul­ti­pact­ing dur­ing re­cov­ery from cav­ity trips; and real-time mon­i­tor­ing of the cav­ity field level cal­i­bra­tion. The de­sign, de­vel­op­ment, and op­er­at­ing ex­pe­ri­ence with au­toma­tion will be pre­sented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA83
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 03 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 August 2022
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MOPA84	Superconducting Cavity Commissioning for the FRIB Linac	242
	W. Chang, W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, T. Konomi, S.R. Kunjir, J.T. Popielarski, K. Saito, T. Xu, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	The su­per­con­duct­ing dri­ver linac for the Fa­cil­ity for Rare Iso­tope Beams (FRIB) is a heavy ion ac­cel­er­a­tor that has 46 cry­omod­ules with 324 su­per­con­duct­ing (SC) cav­i­ties that ac­cel­er­ate ions to 200 MeV per nu­cleon. Linac com­mis­sion­ing was done in mul­ti­ple phases, in par­al­lel with tech­ni­cal in­stal­la­tion. Ion beam have now been ac­cel­er­ated to the de­sign en­ergy through the full linac; rare iso­topes were first pro­duced in De­cem­ber 2021; and the first user ex­per­i­ment was com­pleted in May 2022. All cry­omod­ules were suc­cess­fully com­mis­sioned. Cry­omod­ule com­mis­sion­ing in­cluded es­tab­lish­ing the de­sired cav­ity fields, mea­sur­ing field emis­sion X-rays, op­ti­miz­ing the tuner con­trol loops, mea­sur­ing the cav­ity dy­namic heat load, and con­firm­ing the low-level RF con­trol (am­pli­tude and phase sta­bil­ity). Re­sults on cry­omod­ule com­mis­sion­ing and cry­omod­ule per­for­mance will be pre­sented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA84
About •	Received ※ 13 July 2022 — Revised ※ 02 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 September 2022
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MOPA85	Design of a 185.7 MHz Superconducting RF Photoinjector Quarter-Wave Resonator for the LCLS-II-HE Low Emittance Injector	245
	S.H. Kim, W. Hartung, T. Konomi, S.J. Miller, M.S. Patil, J.T. Popielarski, K. Saito, T. Xu, T. Xu FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA C. Adolphsen, L. Ge, F. Ji, J.W. Lewellen, L. Xiao SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA M.P. Kelly, T.B. Petersen, P. Piot ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. A 185.7 MHz su­per­con­duct­ing quar­ter-wave res­onator (QWR) was de­signed for the low emit­tance in­jec­tor of the Linac Co­her­ent Light Source high en­ergy up­grade (LCLS-II-HE). The cav­ity was de­signed to min­i­mize the risk of cath­ode ef­fi­ciency degra­da­tion due to mul­ti­pact­ing or field emis­sion and to op­er­ate with a high RF elec­tric field at the cath­ode for low elec­tron-beam emit­tance. Cav­ity de­sign fea­tures in­clude: (1) shap­ing of the cav­ity wall to re­duce the strength of the low-field coax­ial mul­ti­pact­ing bar­rier; (2) four ports for elec­trop­o­l­ish­ing and high-pres­sure water rins­ing; and (3) a fun­da­men­tal power cou­pler (FPC) port lo­cated away from the ac­cel­er­at­ing gap. The de­sign is ori­ented to­ward min­i­miz­ing the risk of par­tic­u­late con­t­a­m­i­na­tion and avoid harm­ful di­pole com­po­nents in the RF field. The ANL 162 MHz FPC de­sign for PIP-II is being adapted for the gun cav­ity. We will pre­sent the RF de­sign of the cav­ity in­te­grated with the FPC.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA85
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 August 2022
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MOPA86	Conditioning of Low-Field Multipacting Barriers in Superconducting Quarter-Wave Resonators	249
	S.H. Kim, W. Chang, W. Hartung, J.T. Popielarski, T. Xu FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: This is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661, the State of Michigan and Michigan State University. Mul­ti­pact­ing (MP) bar­ri­ers are typ­i­cally ob­served at very low RF am­pli­tude, at a field 2 to 3 or­ders of mag­ni­tude below the op­er­at­ing gra­di­ent, in low-fre­quency (<~100 MHz), quar­ter-wave res­onators (QWRs). Such bar­ri­ers may be trou­ble­some, as RF con­di­tion­ing with a fun­da­men­tal power cou­pler (FPC) of typ­i­cal cou­pling strength (ex­ter­nal Q = 106 to 107) is gen­er­ally dif­fi­cult. For the FRIB \beta = 0.085 QWRs (80.5 MHz), the low bar­rier is ob­served at an ac­cel­er­at­ing gra­di­ent (Eacc) of ~10 kV/m; the op­er­at­ing Eacc is 5.6 MV/m. The­o­ret­i­cal and sim­u­la­tion stud­ies sug­gested that the con­di­tion­ing is dif­fi­cult due to the rel­a­tively low RF power dis­si­pated into mul­ti­pact­ing rather than being a prob­lem of the low bar­rier being stronger than other bar­ri­ers. We de­vel­oped a sin­gle-stub coax­ial FPC match­ing el­e­ment for ex­ter­nal ad­just­ment of the ex­ter­nal Q by one order of mag­ni­tude. The match­ing el­e­ment pro­vided a sig­nif­i­cant re­duc­tion in the time to con­di­tion the low bar­rier. We will pre­sent the­o­ret­i­cal and sim­u­la­tion stud­ies of the low MP bar­rier and ex­per­i­men­tal re­sults on MP con­di­tion­ing with the sin­gle-stub FPC match­ing el­e­ment.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA86
About •	Received ※ 03 August 2022 — Revised ※ 09 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 August 2022
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MOPA87	Design of the Cathode Stalk for the LCLS-II-HE Low Emittance Injector	253
	T. Konomi, W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, S.J. Miller, D.G. Morris, J.T. Popielarski, K. Saito, A. Taylor, T. Xu FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA C. Adolphsen, J.W. Lewellen SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA S. Gatzmaga, P. Murcek, R. Xiang HZDR, Dresden, Germany M.P. Kelly, T.B. Petersen ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Su­per­con­duct­ing ra­dio-fre­quency (SRF) elec­tron guns are at­trac­tive for de­liv­ery of beams at a high bunch rep­e­ti­tion rate with a high ac­cel­er­at­ing field. An SRF gun is the most suit­able in­jec­tor for the high-en­ergy up­grade of the Linac Co­her­ent Light Source (LCLS-II-HE), which will pro­duce high-en­ergy X-rays at high rep­e­ti­tion rate. An SRF gun is being de­vel­oped for LCLS-II-HE as a col­lab­o­ra­tive ef­fort by FRIB, HZDR, ANL, and SLAC. The cav­ity op­er­at­ing fre­quency is 185.7 MHz, and the tar­get ac­cel­er­at­ing field at the pho­to­cath­ode is 30 MV/m. The pho­to­cath­ode is re­place­able. The cath­ode is held by a fix­ture (’cath­ode stalk’) that is de­signed for ther­mal iso­la­tion and par­ti­cle-free cath­ode ex­change. The stalk must allow for pre­cise align­ment of the cath­ode po­si­tion, cryo­genic or room-tem­per­a­ture cath­ode op­er­at­ing tem­per­a­ture, and DC bias to in­hibit mul­ti­pact­ing. We are plan­ning a test of the stalk to con­firm that the de­sign meets the re­quire­ments for RF power dis­si­pa­tion and bi­as­ing. In this pre­sen­ta­tion, we will de­scribe the cath­ode stalk de­sign and RF/DC stalk test plan.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA87
About •	Received ※ 04 August 2022 — Revised ※ 11 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022
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MOPA88	FRIB and UEM LLRF Controller Upgrade	256
	S.R. Kunjir, E. Bernal, D.G. Morris, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA C.-Y. Ruan MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Supported by the U.S. DOE Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661, the State of Michigan, Michigan State University and U.S. National Science Foundation grant DMR-1625181. The Fa­cil­ity for Rare Iso­tope Beams (FRIB) is de­vel­op­ing a 644 MHz su­per­con­duct­ing (SC) cav­ity for a fu­ture up­grade pro­ject. The cur­rent low level radio fre­quency (LLRF) con­troller at FRIB is not able to op­er­ate at 644 MHz. The Ul­tra­fast Elec­tron Mi­cro­scope (UEM) lab­o­ra­tory within the De­part­ment of Physics at Michi­gan State Uni­ver­sity de­signed an LLRF con­troller based on ana­log RF com­po­nents to op­er­ate a 1.013 GHz room tem­per­a­ture (RT) cav­ity. With re­quire­ments for im­proved sta­bil­ity, per­for­mance and user con­trols there was a need to up­grade the ana­log LLRF con­troller. The FRIB radio fre­quency (RF) group de­signed, de­vel­oped and fab­ri­cated a new dig­i­tal LLRF con­troller, with high-speed se­r­ial in­ter­face be­tween sys­tem on chip field pro­gram­ma­ble gate array and fast data con­vert­ers and ca­pa­ble of high fre­quency di­rect sam­pling, to meet the re­quire­ments of 644 MHz SC cav­ity and 1.013 GHz UEM RT cav­ity. This paper gives an overview of the up­graded dig­i­tal LLRF con­troller, its fea­tures, im­prove­ments and pre­lim­i­nary test re­sults.
	Poster MOPA88 [2.818 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA88
About •	Received ※ 01 August 2022 — Revised ※ 03 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 August 2022
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MOPA89	RHIC Electron Beam Cooling Analysis Using Principle Component and Autoencoder Analysis	260
	A.D. Tran, Y. Hao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA X. Gu BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the US Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. Prin­ci­pal com­po­nent analy­sis and au­toen­coder analy­sis were used to an­a­lyze the ex­per­i­men­tal data of RHIC op­er­a­tion with low en­ergy RHIC elec­tron cool­ing (LEReC). This is un­su­per­vised learn­ing which in­cludes elec­tron beam set­tings and ob­serv­able dur­ing op­er­a­tion. Both analy­ses were used to gauge the di­men­sional re­ducibil­ity of the data and to un­der­stand which fea­tures are im­por­tant to beam cool­ing.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA89
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 August 2022
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MOPA90	Relating Initial Distribution to Beam Loss on the Front End of a Heavy-Ion Linac Using Machine Learning	263
	A.D. Tran, Y. Hao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA J.L. Martinez Marin, B. Mustapha ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by a sub-reward from Argonne National Laboratory and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work demon­strates using a Neural Net­work and a Gauss­ian Process to model the ATLAS front-end. Var­i­ous neural net­work ar­chi­tec­tures were cre­ated and trained on the ma­chine set­tings and out­puts to model the phase space pro­jec­tions. The model was then trained on a dataset, with non-lin­ear dis­tor­tion, to gauge the trans­fer­abil­ity of the model from sim­u­la­tion to ma­chine.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA90
About •	Received ※ 02 August 2022 — Revised ※ 05 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 06 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 September 2022
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MOPA91	Plasma Processing of Superconducting Quarter-Wave Resonators Using a Higher-Order Mode	267
	W. Hartung, W. Chang, K. Elliott, S.H. Kim, T. Konomipresenter, J.T. Popielarski, K. Saito, T. Xu FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	The Fa­cil­ity for Rare Iso­tope Beams (FRIB) is a su­per­con­duct­ing ion linac with ac­cel­er­a­tion pro­vided by 104 quar­ter-wave res­onators (QWRs) and 220 half-wave res­onators (HWRs); FRIB user op­er­a­tions began in May 2022. Plasma clean­ing is being de­vel­oped as a method to mit­i­gate pos­si­ble fu­ture degra­da­tion of QWR or HWR per­for­mance: in-situ plasma clean­ing rep­re­sents an al­ter­na­tive to re­moval and dis­as­sem­bly of cry­omod­ules for re­fur­bish­ment of each cav­ity via re­peat etch­ing and rins­ing. Ini­tial mea­sure­ments were done on a QWR and an HWR with room-tem­per­a­ture-matched input cou­plers to drive the plasma via the fun­da­men­tal mode. Sub­se­quent plasma clean­ing tests were done on two ad­di­tional FRIB QWRs using the fun­da­men­tal power cou­pler (FPC) to drive the plasma. When using the FPC, a higher-or­der mode (HOM) at 5 times the ac­cel­er­at­ing mode fre­quency was used to drive the plasma. Use of the HOM al­lowed for less mis­match at the FPC and hence lower field in the cou­pler rel­a­tive to the cav­ity. A neon-oxy­gen gas mix­ture was used for plasma gen­er­a­tion. Be­fore and after cold tests showed a sig­nif­i­cant re­duc­tion in field emis­sion X-rays after plasma clean­ing. Re­sults will be pre­sented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2022-MOPA91
About •	Received ※ 12 August 2022 — Revised ※ 16 August 2022 — Accepted ※ 25 August 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 September 2022
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